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Class Two

Sensors are devices that detect physical phenomena and convert them into electrical signals. They contain a transducer that performs this conversion. Common sensors measure properties like temperature, light, motion, magnetic fields, and more. Choosing a sensor depends on factors like the physical quantity to be measured, required accuracy, operating environment, and cost. Examples of widely used sensors include temperature sensors like thermocouples and RTDs, motion sensors like accelerometers, and light sensors like photoresistors.

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Temari future
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11 views

Class Two

Sensors are devices that detect physical phenomena and convert them into electrical signals. They contain a transducer that performs this conversion. Common sensors measure properties like temperature, light, motion, magnetic fields, and more. Choosing a sensor depends on factors like the physical quantity to be measured, required accuracy, operating environment, and cost. Examples of widely used sensors include temperature sensors like thermocouples and RTDs, motion sensors like accelerometers, and light sensors like photoresistors.

Uploaded by

Temari future
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Intro to Sensors

Overview
• Sensors?
• Commonly Detectable Phenomenon
• Physical Principles – How Sensors Work?
• Need for Sensors
• Choosing a Sensor
• Examples
Sensors?
• American National Standards Institute
– A device which provides a usable output in response to a specified
measurand

• A sensor acquires a physical quantity and converts it into a signal


suitable for processing (e.g. optical, electrical, mechanical)
• Nowadays common sensors convert measurement of physical
phenomena into an electrical signal
• Active element of a sensor is called a transducer
Transducer?
A device which converts one form of energy to another
When input is a physical quantity and output electrical → Sensor
When input is electrical and output a physical quantity →
Actuator

Sensors Actuators e.g. Piezoelectric:


Force -> voltage
Physical Electrical
Input Voltage->
parameter
Force
=> Ultrasound!
Electrical Physical
Microphone, Loud Speaker
Output Output
Commonly Detectable Phenomena
•Biological
•Chemical
•Electric
•Electromagnetic
•Heat/Temperature
•Magnetic
•Mechanical motion (displacement, velocity, acceleration, etc.)
•Optical
•Radioactivity
Common Conversion Methods
•Physical

–thermo-electric, thermo-elastic, thermo-magnetic, thermo-optic


–photo-electric, photo-elastic, photo-magnetic,
–electro-elastic, electro-magnetic
–magneto-electric
•Chemical

–chemical transport, physical transformation, electro-chemical


•Biological

–biological transformation, physical transformation


Commonly Measured Quantities
Stimulus Quantity
Acoustic Wave (amplitude, phase, polarization), Spectrum, Wave
Velocity

Biological & Chemical Fluid Concentrations (Gas or Liquid)

Electric Charge, Voltage, Current, Electric Field (amplitude, phase,


polarization), Conductivity, Permittivity

Magnetic Magnetic Field (amplitude, phase, polarization), Flux,


Permeability

Optical Refractive Index, Reflectivity, Absorption

Thermal Temperature, Flux, Specific Heat, Thermal Conductivity

Mechanical Position, Velocity, Acceleration, Force, Strain, Stress,


Pressure, Torque
Physical Principles: Examples
• Amperes’s Law
– A current carrying conductor in a magnetic field experiences a force (e.g.
galvanometer)

• Curie-Weiss Law
– There is a transition temperature at which ferromagnetic materials exhibit
paramagnetic behavior

• Faraday’s Law of Induction


– A coil resist a change in magnetic field by generating an opposing
voltage/current (e.g. transformer)

• Photoconductive Effect
– When light strikes certain semiconductor materials, the resistance of the material
decreases (e.g. photoresistor)
Choosing a Sensor
Need for
Sensors
• Sensors are pervasive. They are embedded
in our bodies, automobiles, airplanes,
cellular telephones, radios, chemical plants,
industrial plants and countless other
applications.

• Without the use of sensors, there would be no


automation !!
– Imagine having to manually fill water bottles
Motion Sensors
• Monitor location of various parts in a system
– absolute/relative position
– angular/relative displacement
– proximity
– acceleration
• Principle of operation
– Magnetic, resistive, capacitance, inductive, eddy current, etc.

Potentiometer
Primary Secondary

Optoisolator
LVDT Displacement Sensor
Strain Gauge: Motion, Stress, Pressure

Strain gauge is used to measure deflection, stress, pressure, etc.


The resistance of the sensing element changes with applied strain
A Wheatstone bridge is used to measure small changes in the
strain gauge resistance
Temperature Sensor: Bimetallic Strip
• Bimetallic Strip

L  L0[1   (T - T0)]

• Application
– Thermostat (makes or
breaks electrical
connection with
deflection)
Temperature Sensor:
RTD
• Resistance temperature device
(RTD)

R  R0[1   (T - T0)]

1 1
 T
R  R0 e T

0
Other Temperature Sensors

• Thermistor • Thermocouple: Seeback effect


to transform a temperature difference
to a voltage difference
Thermal Resistor
Capacitance Transducers—I

• Recall, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is:

– A: overlapping area of plates (m2)


Air escape hole
– d: distance between the two plates of the capacitor (m)

–  : permittivity of air or free space 8.85pF/m


0
air

– :dielectric constant
r
Parallel plate Fuel tank
capacitor
•The following variations can be utilized to make capacitance-based sensors.
–Change distance between the parallel electrodes.
–Change the overlapping area of the parallel electrodes.
–Change the dielectric constant.
Accelerometer–I

• Accelerometers are used to measure


acceleration along one or more axis
and are relatively insensitive to
orthogonal directions
• Applications
– Motion, vibration, blast, impact, shock
wave
• Mathematical description is beyond the
scope of this presentation.
Accelerometer Applications
• Automotive: monitor vehicle tilt, roll, skid, impact, vibration, etc., to
deploy safety devices (stability control, anti-lock breaking system,
airbags, etc.) and to ensure comfortable ride (active suspension)
• Aerospace: inertial navigation, smart munitions, unmanned vehicles
• Sports/Gaming: monitor athlete performance and injury, joystick, tilt
• Personal electronics: cell phones, digital devices
• Security: motion and vibration detection
• Industrial: machinery health monitoring
• Robotics: self-balancing

Segway

2 axis joystick WII Nunchuk: 3 axis accelerometer


MX2125 Accelerometer: How it Works
• A MEMS device consisting of
– a chamber of gas with a heating element in the center
– four temperature sensors around its edge
• Hold accelerometer level→hot gas pocket rises to the top-center of
accelerometer’s
the chamber→all sensors measure same temperature
• Tilt the accelerometer→hot gas pocket collects closer to one or
two temperature sensors→sensors closer to gas pocket measure higher
temperature
• MX2125 electronics compares temperature measurements and outputs pulses
(pulse duration encodes sensor o/p)
Light Sensor

• Light sensors are used in


cameras, infrared detectors, and
ambient lighting applications

• Sensor is composed of
photoconductor such as a
photoresistor, photodiode, or
phototransistor
Photoresistors
• Light sensitive variable resistors.
• Its resistance depends on the intensity of light incident upon it.
– Under dark condition, resistance is quite high (M: called dark
resistance).
– Under bright condition, resistance is lowered (few hundred ).

versus the resulting resistance.


log10 R     log10
104 P
R 103
102
101
101 102 103 104 Symbol
Relative illumination (P)
Magnetic Field Sensor

• Magnetic Field sensors are


used for power steering,
security, and current
measurements on
transmission lines

• Hall voltage is proportional


to magnetic field

I
VH 
nB q 
t
Ultrasonic Sensor
• Ultrasonic sensors are used
for position measurements
• Sound waves emitted are
in the range of 2-13 MHz
• Sound Navigation And
Ranging (SONAR)
• Radio Dection And
Ranging (RADAR) – 15° - 20°

ELECTROMAGNETI
C WAVES !!
Photogate
• Photogates are used in
counting applications (e.g.
finding period of period
motion)

• Infrared transmitter and


receiver at opposite ends of
the sensor

• Time at which light is broken


is recorded
Any Question ???
Thank you for your attention !!

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