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3 - Ions & Valence Electrons

Ions are atoms that have gained or lost electrons, giving them a positive or negative charge. Atoms gain negative charges when they gain electrons, becoming anions, and lose electrons to gain positive charges, becoming cations. The number of valence electrons determines whether an atom will gain or lose electrons to achieve a full outer shell electron configuration. Metals tend to lose electrons and form positive ions, while nonmetals gain electrons and form negative ions. Ionic compounds are formed from oppositely charged ions.

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23 views12 pages

3 - Ions & Valence Electrons

Ions are atoms that have gained or lost electrons, giving them a positive or negative charge. Atoms gain negative charges when they gain electrons, becoming anions, and lose electrons to gain positive charges, becoming cations. The number of valence electrons determines whether an atom will gain or lose electrons to achieve a full outer shell electron configuration. Metals tend to lose electrons and form positive ions, while nonmetals gain electrons and form negative ions. Ionic compounds are formed from oppositely charged ions.

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SNC2D1

Ions
Chemistry
Ions

● Ions are atoms with a positive or negative


charge
○ Results from an unequal number of protons
and electrons
3p+
● Atoms that lose electrons have a positive charge 4n0
○ Called cations (remember: cats are “paw-
sitive”)

● Atoms that gain electrons have a negative


charge
○ Called anions
Ionic Charge

● Ionic charge tells us how many electrons


have been gained or lost by an atom

● It takes energy to add/remove electrons!!

Which atoms lose electrons?


Which gain electrons?
Ions - Gain or Lose Electrons?

● To determine if electrons will be gained


or lost, we look at the valence electrons
○ These electrons are in the last
orbital of an atom

● Number of valence electrons are the


same for elements in the same group
○ Ex: group 3 elements have 3 valence
electrons How many valence
electrons does Lithium
have?
Number of
valence
electrons is
EQUAL to
the main
group number
Ions - Gain or Lose Electrons?

● Atoms want to be stable


○ Occurs when the atom’s outermost shell is full

● An atom will lose or gain electrons depending on which uses less


energy
○ Ex. if an atom has 2 valence electrons, it can either try to gain 6
electrons or lose 2 electrons to have a complete outer shell
■ Which is the better option for this atom?
Lose 2 electrons!!
Ions By Group

● Groups 1, 2 and 3 lose valence electrons


○ Creates positively charged ions

● Group 4 can gain or lose electrons

● Groups 5, 6 and 7 gain electrons


○ Creates negatively charged ions

● Group 8 does NOT gain or lose electrons


○ Has a full outer shell and is stable
Ions - Metals vs Non-Metals

● Metals lose electrons


○ Results in a positive
charge

● Non-metals gain electrons


○ Results in a negative
charge
Drawing Ions

● When drawing ions:


○ Place the element symbol in square brackets
■ [Mg]
○ Write down the charge outside the square bracket in the top
corner
■ [Mg]2+
Your Turn!

Determine the number of valence electrons for the following elements. Use this
information to determine the charge for the element. Draw the ion on your
sheet.

● Rubidium (Rb)
● Arsenic (As)
● Sulfur (S)
● Radium (Ra)
Ionic Compounds

● Ionic compounds are made of oppositely charged ions


Ionic Compounds - Application

● Ionic compounds are used to make paper

● To lower pollution from paper manufacturing, ionic compounds like


sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and calcium oxide (CaO) are used

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