Modified Goodman

Diagram

 It has midrange stress plotted along the

abscissa and all other components of
stress plotted on the ordinate, with
tension in the positive direction.

 The endurance limit, fatigue strength,

or finite-life strength whichever
applies, is plotted on the ordinate above
and below the origin.

 The midrange line is a 45o line from the

origin to the tensile strength of the
part.
Figure 7-24
Modified Goodman diagram showing all the strengths
and the limiting values of all the stress components for
a particular midrange stress

CH-07 LEC 25 Slide 2

 Plot of Fatigue Failures for Midrange Stresses in both Tensile
and Compressive Regions.

Figure 7-25
Plot of fatigue failures
for midrange stresses
in both tensile and
compressive regions.
Normalizing the data
by using the ratio of
steady strength
components to tensile
strength Sm/Sut,
steady strength
component to
compressive strength
Sm/Suc, and strength
amplitude component
to endurance limit
Sa/S’e enables a plot
of experimental
results for a variety of
steels.

CH-07 LEC 25 Slide 3

 Master Fatigue Diagram.

Figure 7-26

Master fatigue
diagram for
AISI 4340 steel
with Sut = 158
Sy = 147 kpsi.

The stress
component at
A are

σmin = 20,
σ max = 120,
σ m = 70,
σ o = 50

all in kpsi
CH-07 LEC 25 Slide 4
 Fluctuating Stresses
Mean Stress Effect (R  -1)

2. Representing mean
stress effect using
modified Goodman
Diagram

S is for strength

Failure data for Sm in tension and in compression

COMPRESSIVE mean stresses are BENEFICIAL (or have no effect) in fatigue
TENSILE mean stresses are DETRIMENTAL for fatigue behavior

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 5

 In Fig. 7-27, the tensile side of Fig. 7-25 has been redrawn in terms of
strengths, instead of strength ratios, with the same modified Goodman criterion
together with four additional criteria of failure.
 Such diagrams are often constructed for analysis and design purposes; they are
easy to use and the results can be scaled off directly.

 The early viewpoint expressed on a diagram was that there existed a locus (sa,

sm) diagram was that there existed a locus which divided safe from unsafe

combinations of (sa, sm) .

 Ensuing proposals included:
1. The parabola of Gerber (1874),
2. The Goodman (1890) (straight) line,
3. The Soderberg (1930) (straight) line.

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 6

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 7
 As more data were generated it became clear that a fatigue criterion,
rather than being a “fence”, was more like a zone or band wherein the
probability of failure could be estimated. We include the failure criterion
of Goodman because
It is a straight line and the algebra is linear and easy.
It is easily graphed, every time for every problem.
It reveals subtleties of insight into fatigue problems.
Answers can be scaled from the diagrams as a check on the algebra.

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 8

 Either the fatigue limit Se or the finite-life strength Sf is plotted on the

ordinate of Fig. 7-27.

 These values will have already been corrected using the Marin factors of
Eq.(7-17).
 Note that the yield strength is plotted on the ordinate too.
 This serves as a reminder that first-cycle yielding rather than fatigue
might be the criterion of failure.

 The midrange-stress axis of Fig. 7-27 has the yield strength Syt and the

tensile strength plotted along it.

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 9

 The criteria of failure are diagrammed in Fig.7-27:
1. The Soderberg,
2. The modified
3. Goodman
4. The Gerber
5. The ASME-elliptic
6. Yielding
 The diagram shows that only the Soderberg criterion guards against any yielding,
but is biased low.
 Considering the modified Goodman line as a criterion, point A represents a
limiting point with an alternating strength Sa and midrange strength Sm . The slope
of the load line shown is defined as .

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 10

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 11
 FAILURE CRITERIA (mean stress)

1- Modified Goodman Theory (Germany, 1899)

Factor of Safety
For infinite life Failure Occurs When:
a m 1
Sa S m  
 1 Se Su n
Se Su n = OA/OB

Load Line slope

Sa B
r
Sm

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 12

 FAILURE CRITERIA (mean stress)

2- The Soderberg Theory (USA, 1933)

Factor of Safety
For infinite life Failure Occurs When:
a m 1
Sa S m  
 1 Se S y n
Se S y
n = OC/OB
F
D E
For finite life fatigue B C
strength Sf = a
replaces Se

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 13

 FAILURE CRITERIA (mean stress)

3- The Gerber Theory (Germany, 1874)

2
Failure Occurs When:
Sa  Sm  Factor of Safety
   1
Se  Su 

n = OF/OB

F Factor of Safety
D E 2
B C n a  n m 
  1
Se  Su 
For finite life σa replaces Se

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 14

 FAILURE CRITERIA (mean stress)
2 2
4- The ASME Elliptic  Sa   S m 
     1
 Se   S y 
Failure Occurs When:

Factor of Safety
2 2
 n a   n m 
    1
 Se   Sy 

F
D E
B C
n = OE/OB

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 15

 FAILURE CRITERIA (mean stress)

4- The ASME Elliptic

Failure Occurs When

2 2
 Sa   S m 
     1
 Se   S y 

Factor of Safety

2 2
F  n a   n m 
D E      1
B C  Se   S y 
n = OE/OB
For finite life sa replaces Se
CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 16
 FAILURE CRITERIA

5- The Langer (1st Cycle) Yield Line

Sa S m
Failure Occurs When
 1
S yt S yt

Factor of Safety

a m 1
 
S yt S yt n F
D E
B C
n = OD/OB

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 17

Criteria Equations

(7-43)

(7-44)

(7-45)

(7-46)

(7-47)

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 18

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 19
 The stresses nσa and nσm can replace Sa and Sm, where n is the design

factor or factor of safety. Then, Eqs. (7-43) to (7-46) become:

(7-48)

(7-49)

(7-50)

(7-51)

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 20

We will emphasize the Gerber and ASME-elliptic for fatigue failure
criterion and the Langer for first-cycle yielding. However, conservative
designers often use the modified Goodman criterion. The design
equation for the Langer first -cycle-yielding is

(7 *)

The failure criteria are used in conjunction with a load line,

Principal intersections are tabulated in Tables 7-9 to 7-11. Formal
expressions for fatigue factor of safety are given in the lower panel of
Tables 7-9 to 7-11. The first row of each table corresponds to the
fatigue criterion, the second row is the static Langer criterion, and
the third row corresponds to the intersection of the static and fatigue
criteria.

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 21

 The first column gives the intersecting equations and the second
column the intersection coordinates.

 There are two ways to proceed with a typical analysis:

1. One method is to assume that fatigue occurs first and use one of
Eqs. (7-48) to (7-51) to determine n or size, depending on the
task. Most often fatigue is the governing failure mode. Then
follow with a static check. If static failure governs then the
analysis is repeated using Langer Static yield equation.

2. Alternatively, one could use the tables. Determine the load line
and establish which criterion the load line intersects first and use
the corresponding equations in the tables.

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 22

Fatigue
Criterion

Static
Langer
Criterion

Intersection of
the Static and
Fatigue Criteria

TABLE (7-9)

Amplitude and Steady

Coordinates of Strength and
Important Intersections in
First Quadrant for Modified
Goodman and Langer Failure
Criteria.

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 23

 Gerber

Langer

Intersection
of Gerber and
Langer
TABLE (7-10)

Amplitude and Steady

Coordinates of Strength and
Important Intersections in
First Quadrant for Gerber
and Langer Failure Criteria.

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 24

 ASME
Elliptic

Langer

Intersection of
ASME Elliptic
and Langer

TABLE (7-11)

Amplitude and Steady

Coordinates of Strength
and Important
Intersections in First
Quadrant for ASME Elliptic
and Langer Failure
Criteria.

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 25

 Special Cases of Fluctuating
Stresses

•Case 1: m fixed

Sa
n
a

•Case 2: a fixed
Sm
n
m

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 26

•Case 3: a / m fixed

Sa Sm
n 
a m

•Case 4: both vary arbitrarily

1 a m
 
n Se Sut

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 27

 EXAMPLE

Solution

(7-18) (7-4), p. 329

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 28

 EXAMPLE
(7-25), p. 331

(7-8), (7-17), p. 325, p. 328

(7-10)

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 29

(7-*)

(7-28)

(7-10)

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 30

Figure 7-28

Principal points
A, B, C, and Don
the designer’s
diagram drawn
for Gerber,
Langer and load
line.

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 31

(7-28) 7-10

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 32

 7-11
7-29

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 33

Figure 7-29

Principal points
A, B, C, and Don
the designer’s
diagram drawn
for ASME
Elliptic, Langer
and load lines.

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 34

7-11

CH-07 LEC 26 Slide 35