ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
The study of organic compounds

Organic compounds which contain carbon, hydrogen

and other elements such as oxygen and nitrogen.
CARBON ATOM

Carbon atom has the ability to bond to other carbon atoms to form long
chains or rings of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached.
The maximum number of bond possible for carbon is four.
Carbon can bond to another nonmetal, such as nitrogen oxygen forming an
hydrocarbon derivatives.
Different branching patterns are possible in many hydrocarbon.
HYDROCARBON
HYDROCARBON
A carbon compound that contains only carbon and
hydrogen.
Hydrogen atom of hydrocarbon when replaced with
other atom (such as oxygen, nitrogen) are called
hydrocarbon derivatives.
A characteristics grouping of atoms called a functional
group, this a reactive part of a molecule.
 CLASSIFICATION
Hydrocarbo
OF
HYDROCARBONn

Aliphatic
(Open Cyclic
chain)

Aromati
Alkane Alkene Alkyne Alicyclic
c

Benzene
Cycloalkane Cycloalkene Cycloalkyne
ring
Saturated hydrocarbon contains only single bonds
between the carbon atoms.
Alkane and cycloalkane

Unsaturated hydrocarbon contains one or more double

or triple bonds between carbon atoms.
Alkene, alkyne, cycloalkene, cycloalkyne, and benzene ring
ALKANE Hydrocarbon
ALKANE
Are hydrocarbons composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms
with single bonds, making them saturated hydrocarbons.
The general formula is .

The names of the alkanes all end with

the suffix-ane.
ALKANE
NAME THE FOLLOWING
ALKANES
Common name is the name applied in our regular life.

IUPAC name follows the chemistry rules for naming

organic compound.
IUPAC – International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry
NAMING BRANCH ALKANES
Identify the longest continuous carbon chain (also called
the parent chain).

Identify its substituents or branch. A substituent is a group

of atoms that branch off of the parent carbon chain called
alkyl group, replacing the –ane to –yl.
NAMING BRANCH ALKANES
Number the carbon atoms in the parent carbon chain from
one end to the other, starting at the end closest to the first
carbon atom that has a branch chain.

If there are multiple substituent groups present, they are

listed alphabetically. And if there are multiple substituents
of the same type, they are denoted using the prefixes di-,
tri-, tetra-, etc.
 Alkyl group + alkane
Alphabetically (alkyl group) + alkane
Prefix + alkyl group + alkane

Use proper punctuation.

This is very important in writing the names of organic
compounds in the IUPAC system.
Commas are used to separate numbers.
Hyphens are used to separate numbers and words.
The name of the alkane is written as one word.
NAMING BRANCH ALKANES
COMMON NAMES OF ALKANES
N or normal - for a continuous (unbranched) chain of more
that three carbons.
Iso - for a methyl branch on the carbon next to the carbon at
the end of the chain.
Neo - for a dimethyl branching on the second carbon.
ISOMERISM
Constitutional isomers – a substance/molecules that have
the same molecular formula but different structural formula.
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.%29/12%3A_Organic_Chemistry_-_Alkanes_and_Halogenated_Hydrocarbons/12.02%3A_Structures_and_Names_of_Alkanes
Structure Common IUPAC name
name
N-pentane Pentane

Isopentane 2-methylbutane

Neopentane 2,2-dimethylpropane
ALKENE Hydrocarbon
ALKENE
Are hydrocarbons composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms
with double bond, making them unsaturated hydrocarbons.
The general formula is .

The names of the alkenes all end with

the suffix-ene.
ALKENE
NAMING THE FOLLOWING
ALKENES
NAMING BRANCH ALKENES
Identify the longest continuous carbon chain (also called
the parent chain) that contains double bond.
Start numbering from the end of the parent chain which
gives the lowest possible number to the double bond.
Identify its substituents or branch. A substituent is a group
of atoms that branch off of the parent carbon chain called
alkyl group, replacing the –ane to –yl.
NAMING BRANCH ALKENES
If the double bond is equidistant from both ends of the
parent chain, number from the which gives the substituents
the lowest possible number.
If there are multiple substituent groups present, they are
listed alphabetically. And if there are multiple substituents
or double bonds of the same type, they are denoted using
the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, etc.
 Alkyl group + alkene
Alphabetically (alkyl group) + alkene
Prefix + alkyl group + alkene

Use proper punctuation.

This is very important in writing the names of organic
compounds in the IUPAC system.
Commas are used to separate numbers.
Hyphens are used to separate numbers and words.
The name of the alkene is written as one word.
WRITING COMMON NAME OF
ALKENE
In giving common name , the root word ethylene is used to
refer to the two carbons with the double bond and the
groups bonded to these two carbons are identified.
EXAMPLE IUPAC NAME COMMON
NAME
ethene
ethylene
propene
methyl
ethylene
ISOMERS
Geometric isomers or cis-trans isomers, contain the same
number and types of atoms but have different spatial
arrangements of atoms.
- cis form, the alkyl group are on the same side of the
double bond.
- trans form, they are on opposite sides.
GEOMETRIC ISOMERS
ISOMERS
Chain isomers are two or more compounds with similar
chemical formulas but distinct carbon atom arrangements in
straight or branched chains.
ISOMERS
Positional isomers are constitutional
isomers with the identical carbon
skeleton and functional groups but differ
in where the functional groups are
located on or in the carbon chain.
ALKYNE Hydrocarbon
ALKYNE
Are hydrocarbons composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms
with triple bond, making them unsaturated hydrocarbons.
The general formula is .

The names of the alkynes all end with

the suffix-yne.
ALKYNE
NAMING THE FOLLOWING
ALKYNES
NAMING BRANCH ALKYNES
Identify the longest continuous carbon chain (also called
the parent chain) that contains triple bond.
Start numbering from the end of the parent chain which
gives the lowest possible number to the triple bond.
Identify its substituents or branch. A substituent is a group
of atoms that branch off of the parent carbon chain called
alkyl group, replacing the –ane to –yl.
If the double bond is equidistant from both ends of the
parent chain, number from the which gives the substituents
the lowest possible number.
If there are multiple substituent groups present, they are
listed alphabetically. And if there are multiple substituents
or double bonds of the same type, they are denoted using
the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, etc.
 Alkyl group + alkyne
Alphabetically (alkyl group) + alkyne
Prefix + alkyl group + alkyne

Use proper punctuation.

This is very important in writing the names of organic
compounds in the IUPAC system.
Commas are used to separate numbers.
Hyphens are used to separate numbers and words.
The name of the alkyne is written as one word.
WRITING COMMON NAME OF
ALKYNE
In giving common name , the root word acetylene is used to
refer to the two carbons with the triple bond and the groups
bonded to these two carbons are identified.
ISOMERS

CHAIN ISOMERS
POSITION
ISOMERS
CYCLOALKANE
CYCLOALKANE
Cycloalkanes are alkanes with carbon atoms attached in
the form of a closed ring.
NAMING THE FOLLOWING
CYCLOALKANES
NAMING BRANCH
CYCLOALKANE
The longest continuous carbon chain (also called the parent
chain) is cycloalkane.
-if the number of carbon atoms in the ring is less than the
number in the substituent, the cycloalkane named as alkyl
group.
NAMING BRANCH
CYCLOALKANE
Choose a point of attachment as carbon 1 and number the
substituents so that the second substituents has low possible
number.
-when two or more different alkyl groups are present that
could potentially take the same numbers, number them by
alphabetical priority, ignoring numerical prefixes such as
di- and tri-.
ISOMERS
Like alkenes, cycloalkanes are capable of cis-trans
isomerism.
BENZENE RING
BENZENE RING
An aromatic functional group characterized by a ring of six
carbon atoms, bonded by alternating single and double
bonds.
Chemical formula C6H6.

The benzene ring consists of six carbon atoms arranged in a

hexagonal shape.
STRUCTURE OF BENZENE
NAMING BRANCH BENZENE
Benzene ring is the parent chain.
-if the alkyl group is with more carbon atoms than benzene, then
benzene is treated as a substituent. And benzene will name as
phenyl group.
Identify and name the substituents.
Number the ring to give the substituents the smallest possible
number.
Put the substituents alphabetically followed by the parent name.
 ISOMERISM
In benzene rings, isomerism occurs due to the presence of multiple
benzene rings with different substituents or functional groups. There
are three structural isomers of the xylenes, which have two methyl
groups on the benzene ring.

The methyl groups may be on adjacent carbons (ortho), they may be on

carbons separated by one other carbon (meta), or they may be on
opposite sides of the benzene ring (para).