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Physical Science SHS 4.2 Lewis Structures of Molecules

Here are the key points about Lewis structures: - Lewis structures show how valence electrons are arranged among atoms in a molecule or polyatomic ion. They help visualize bonding patterns and identify exceptions to octet rule. - In a Lewis structure, each atom is represented by its chemical symbol. Valence electrons are represented as dots or pairs of dots between the symbols. - Atoms tend to bond in a way that gives each a full outer shell of 8 electrons, following the octet rule. Exceptions include atoms that can only achieve duet or sextet configurations. - Multiple bonds allow reinforcement of octet rule for atoms that appear to be deficient after single bonds are drawn. - Electronegativity generally

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74 views38 pages

Physical Science SHS 4.2 Lewis Structures of Molecules

Here are the key points about Lewis structures: - Lewis structures show how valence electrons are arranged among atoms in a molecule or polyatomic ion. They help visualize bonding patterns and identify exceptions to octet rule. - In a Lewis structure, each atom is represented by its chemical symbol. Valence electrons are represented as dots or pairs of dots between the symbols. - Atoms tend to bond in a way that gives each a full outer shell of 8 electrons, following the octet rule. Exceptions include atoms that can only achieve duet or sextet configurations. - Multiple bonds allow reinforcement of octet rule for atoms that appear to be deficient after single bonds are drawn. - Electronegativity generally

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Maricris Jane Perante
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Determine the number

of valence electrons of
the following elements.
F
Ca
As
Kr
Rb
W
Hg
Ti
Co
P
Lewis Structures of
Molecules
At the end
of the draw the Lewis dot
lesson, you 1 structures of atoms and
should be molecules.
able to:
• Gilbert Newton Lewis was an American
physical chemist who proposed the idea of
covalent bonding and the importance of the
electron pairs in bonding.
• He devised the use of Lewis electron-dot symbols, simply
known as Lewis symbols.
• An element’s Lewis symbol is basically the element’s
chemical symbol surrounded by dots, which represent the
element’s valence electrons.
• These dots are located on the top, right, bottom, and left
of the symbol with each side having up to two electrons in
place.
Lewis Structures

The first four valence electrons must occupy all sides off the chemical symbol
before pairing up.
Electronegativity and Lewis Structures

• Electronegativity is the ability of an


atom to attract electrons towards its own
density cloud.
• Nonmetals have high electronegativity
values which make them very resistive in
totally transferring their electrons.
Electronegativity and Lewis Structures

Pauling’s Electronegativity values of elements.


Octet Rule and Covalent Bonds

• The octet rule states that an


element must gain, lose or share
electrons to attain eight electrons in
its valence shell during chemical
bonding.
Octet Rule and Covalent Bonds
• A covalent compound is formed when two atoms
share electrons to achieve stability. The bond
holding the two atoms is called a covalent bond.
• Nonmetals participate in the formation of
covalent bonds since they have high ionization
energies and negative electron affinities. This
ensures that they do not give out electrons to
another nonmetal, instead share what they have.
Octet Rule and Covalent Bonds
• For example, chlorine has a valence electron configuration
of 3s2 3p5 and needs an additional electron to become
stable. When chlorine forms a bond with another chlorine
atom, both atoms donate one electron to form the
covalent bond for both atoms to achieve octet.
• The bond in the chlorine molecule is composed of a
shared pair of electrons. This electron pair is formed when
two electrons from two separate orbitals of two atoms
pair up, occupying a space between the two atoms.
Octet Rule and Covalent Bonds

Each chlorine atom shares one electron to form the


chlorine molecule.
Octet Rule and Covalent Bonds

• The pair of electrons that forms the bond


(bonding electrons) is called a bonding pair
while the pair of electrons that do not take
part in bonding (nonbonding electrons) is
called lone pair.
• Note that lines could be drawn between
atoms that are bonded instead of using dots.
Octet Rule and Covalent Bonds

Lewis structure of a chlorine molecule.


Formation of Multiple Bonds

• Sometimes, atoms connected with single


bonds do not meet the eight-rule
requirement.
• One way to reinforce octet rule in these
atoms is to form multiple bonds such as
double bonds and triple bonds.
Formation of Multiple Bonds

Lewis structure of CO2.


Exceptions to the Octet Rule
1. Atoms possessing less than eight electrons such as
hydrogen, boron and beryllium follows reduced electron
requirements.
2. Atoms possessing odd number of electrons do not meet
the octet requirements.
3. Atoms possessing more than eight electrons exhibit
hypervalency where the elements go even higher than ten.
Consider the molecule carbon tetrachloride, CCl4.
Consider the molecule carbon tetrachloride, CCl4.

Step 1: Determine the number of valence electrons in each


constituent element of the compound.

Carbon has 4 valence electrons. Chlorine has 7 valence


electrons.
Consider the molecule carbon tetrachloride, CCl4.

Step 2: Determine the total number of valence electrons


present in the covalent compound.

The total number of valence electrons in CCl4 is 32.


Consider the molecule carbon tetrachloride, CCl4.

Step 3: Draw the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Skeleton structure of CCl4


Consider the molecule carbon tetrachloride, CCl4.

Step 4: Distribute the valence electrons to form the Lewis


structure.

Lewis structure of CCl4


Consider the molecule carbon tetrachloride, CCl4.

Step 5:If the valence electrons seem to be


deficient to satisfy the octet rule for each
element, multiple bonds can be drawn to
satisfy the rule.

In this compound, all atoms follow octet rule.


An element’s Lewis symbol is basically the element’s
1 chemical symbol surrounded by dots, which represent the
element’s valence electrons.

When nonmetal atoms combine to form molecules, they


2 follow the octet rule and share electrons to have eight
electrons in the valence shell.
Some compounds show exceptions to the octet rule.
These include:
● electron-deficient atoms which can only achieve duet
3 and sextet;
● electron-rich atoms which can exhibit hypervalence;
and
● odd-electron atoms which forms radicals.

Sometimes, octet rule can be reinforced by forming


4 multiple bonds.
Draw the Lewis symbols of the following
substances.

1.Mg
2.HCl
3.PH3
4.SCl6
5. NaCl
Why is the least electronegative atom usually the
central atom?
Brown T.L. et al. 2012. Chemistry: The Central Science. Pearson Prentice Hall.

Bettelheim F.A. et al. 2015. Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry. Boston: Cengage
Learning.

Ebbing, Darrell and Gammon, Steven. 2016. General Chemistry. Boston: Cengage Learning.

Reger D.L. et al. 2009. Chemistry: Principles and Practice. Boston: Cengage Learning.

Spencer J.N. et al. 2010. Chemistry: Structure and Dynamics. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.

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