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Comparison of Cycles

The document discusses measurement techniques for various vehicle exhaust emissions like CO, NOx, and particulate matter. It describes the construction and working principles of infrared CO measurement, chemiluminescent NOx measurement, and oxygen/air-fuel ratio analyzers. Common emission control methods like thermal converters and catalytic converters are also explained. Recent developments in emission control technologies include improved combustion systems, advanced emission control systems like EGR, SCR, and DPF, and transitioning to stricter standards like BS-VI in India equivalent to Euro 6.

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S.Ashwin Daniel
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views

Comparison of Cycles

The document discusses measurement techniques for various vehicle exhaust emissions like CO, NOx, and particulate matter. It describes the construction and working principles of infrared CO measurement, chemiluminescent NOx measurement, and oxygen/air-fuel ratio analyzers. Common emission control methods like thermal converters and catalytic converters are also explained. Recent developments in emission control technologies include improved combustion systems, advanced emission control systems like EGR, SCR, and DPF, and transitioning to stricter standards like BS-VI in India equivalent to Euro 6.

Uploaded by

S.Ashwin Daniel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEASUREMENT OF

EXHAUST EMISSION
Impact of Free Jets | PPT (slideshare.net)
CO MEASUREMENT
CONSTRUCTION:
 Infrared source : An infrared lamp is connected .
 Sample Chamber : The gas sample flows through this chamber.
 Reference Chamber : Filled with non absorbing gas for comparison
 Detector : This detects the intensity of the filtered infrared light.
 Diaphragm : Shows the relative pressure between the sample cell and the
reference cell.
WORKING:
1. An infrared (IR) light source emits a broad spectrum of infrared radiation.
2. The IR light passes through a chamber containing the gas sample.
3. Different gas molecules absorb specific wavelengths of IR radiation, depending
on their molecular structure.
4. The target gas will absorb radiation at a specific wavelength unique to it.
5. An optical filter allows only the specific wavelength absorbed by the target gas to
pass through.
6. The filtered light reaches an infrared detector that measures the intensity of the
remaining radiation.
7. The amount of IR radiation absorbed is proportional to the concentration of the
target gas in the sample.
SOX MEASUREMENT:
CONSTRUCTION:
 Converter : Converts NO2 sample gas to NO
 Crome Generator : The oxygen is ionized to O3
 Reaction Chamber : Where NO and O3 will mix and react
 Detector : Usually a Photo Multiple Tube(PMT) is used which is
sensitive to certain wavelength
 Amplifier : Amplifies the signal from PMT and converts the signal into the
concentration reading for NOx
WORKING:
1. The sample gas is typically drawn into the analyzer through a sampling
line.
2. The sample gas is which contains nitrogen dioxide is converted to nitric
oxide.
3. The sample gas is mixed with ozone in a reaction chamber.
4. The reaction between NO and O3 produces excited NO2*, which emits light.
5. The intensity of the light is measured by a photodetector.
6. The amplifier converts the signal from the photodetector into a
concentration reading for NO.
OXYGEN/AIR-FUEL RATIO ANALYZER :
CONSTRUCTION:
Based on the principle of galvanometric cell:
 Cathode : Poly tetra fluoro ethylene membrane with gold coating.
 Anode : Silver coil.
 Electrolyte : Potassium chloride gel.
 The anode and cathode are dipped in KCl.
WORKING:
 Potential applied across electrodes-> oxygen diffuses through the
membrane-> oxygen is reduced electromagnetically->current flows.
 This current is directly proportional to partial pressure of oxygen
In the sample
SMOKE EMISSION:
 Controlled volume of exhaust gases is drawn through the filter paper and
change in its reflectance is related to smoke level.

0 – Clean Filter Paper.


10 – Filter paper that doesn’t reflect any light.

 The calibration of intermediate values Can be checked by placing a


perforated piece of non-reflecting paper over filter paper.
PARTICULATES:
 Exhaust particulates are defined materials that can be collected on
the filter paper maintain that 325K.

STEPS:
 Sample of exhaust is drawn of an cooled by dilution with air.
 The filter is weighed before and after use and mass of the particulates
is evaluated.
EMISSION CONTROL
METHODS
Thermal Converters:
 Secondary reactions occur much more readily and completely if the
temperature is high.
 Thermal converters are high-temperature chambers through which the
exhaust gas flows.
 They promote oxidation of the CO and HC which remain in the exhaust.

CO + 1/2 O2 → CO2
 Consider,

Cx Hy + z O2 → xCO2 + y H2O

 The above reaction needs a temperature above 600◦C for at least 50


milliseconds to substantially reduce HC.
 It is therefore necessary for a thermal converter to be effective, it should
operate at a high temperature.
PROBLEMS IN THERMAL CONVERTER:
 In automobiles this creates two very serious problems,
1.In modern, low-profile, aerodynamic automobiles, space in the engine compartment is
very limited, and fitting in a large, usually insulated thermal converter chamber is almost
impossible.
2. Secondly, because the converter must operate above 700 ◦C to be efficient, even if it is
insulated the heat losses create a serious temperature problem in the engine compartment.

Even though HC and CO emissions can be reduced by oxidation, NO x emissions cannot be


reduced using a thermal converter.
CATALYTIC CONVERTERS:
 Catalytic converters are chambers mounted in the flow system through
which the exhaust gases pass through.
 These chambers contain catalytic material, which promotes the oxidation
of the emissions contained in the exhaust flow.
 Generally, they are called three-way converters because they are used to
reduce the concentration of CO, HC, and NOx in the exhaust.
 Usually a stainless steel container. Inside the container is a
porous ceramic structure through which the exhaust gas
flows.
RECENT DEVELOPMENT
IN CONTROLLING
EMISSION
RECENT DEVELOPMENT/METHODS:
 Improved Combustion Technologies : Direct injection, Variable valve
timing, and Turbocharging to improve combustion efficiency.
 Emission Control Systems : Advanced exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)
systems, selective catalytic reduction (SCR), diesel particulate filters
(DPF).
EGR(Exhaust gas recirculation) :
 It works by recirculating a portion of an engine’s exhaust gas back to the
engine cylinders. EGR works by recirculating a portion of an engine's
exhaust gas back to the engine cylinders.

SCR(Selective catalytic reduction):


 It works by means of converting nitrogen oxides, with the aid of a catalyst
into diatomic nitrogen and water.
RECENT DEVELOPMENT/METHODS IN
INDIA:
 Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) Emission Standards : India transitioned
to BS-VI emission standards nationwide in April 2020, which are
equivalent to Euro 6 standards.
 FAME-India (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid
&) Electric Vehicles in India): It is a government scheme launched
in 2011 as a part of the National Mission on Electric Mobility.
COMPARISON OF CYCLES
COMPARISON OF THE OTTO, DIESEL
AND DUAL CYCLES
 The important variable factors which are used as the basis for
comparison of the cycles
 Compression ratio.
 Peak Pressure…….
 Heat Addition…....
 Heat Rejection…..
 Net Work………….
1. Same Compression Ratio and Heat Addition
 .It is seen from the T-s diagram for the same heat input, the heat rejection in
Otto cycle (area 5146) is minimum and heat rejection in Diesel cycle
(514`6`) is maximum.

 Consequently Otto cycle has the highest work output and efficiency.
2. Same Compression Ratio and Heat Rejection
 QS is heat supplied in Otto cycle.
 Q’S is heat supplied in the Diesel cycle.

 From the T-s diagram it is clear that QS > Q’S


 Heat supplied in the Otto cycle is more than that of the Diesel cycle.
 Hence, it is evident that, the efficiency of the Otto cycle is greater than the
efficiency of the Diesel cycle.
3. Same Peak Pressure, Peak Temperature and
Heat Rejection
 It is evident from T-S Diagram that Q’S > QS
 The Diesel cycle efficiency is greater than the Otto cycle efficiency when
both engines are built to withstand the same thermal and mechanical
stresses.
4. Same Maximum Pressure and Heat Input
 It is evident from the figure that the heat rejection for Otto cycle
(area 1564 on T-s diagram) is more than the heat rejected in
Diesel cycle (156’4’).
 Hence Diesel cycle is more efficient than Otto cycle for the
condition of same maximum pressure and heat input.
NOTE:
 Diesel cycle has higher compression ratio V1/V2 than that of Otto
cycle V1/V2 .
 Cycle which is having higher efficiency allows maximum expansion

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