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15 Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two stages - the light-dependent reaction which uses light energy to produce ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reaction (Calvin cycle) which uses these products to incorporate carbon from carbon dioxide into organic compounds like glucose. Photosynthesis is essential as it produces oxygen and glucose, the primary source of food, energy, and matter for nearly all life on Earth.

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37 views27 pages

15 Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two stages - the light-dependent reaction which uses light energy to produce ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reaction (Calvin cycle) which uses these products to incorporate carbon from carbon dioxide into organic compounds like glucose. Photosynthesis is essential as it produces oxygen and glucose, the primary source of food, energy, and matter for nearly all life on Earth.

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yr44grf94k
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Photosynthesis

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Autotrophic Process: Plants and plant-like organisms make their energy
(glucose) from sunlight.
• Stored as carbohydrate in their bodies.
Why is Photosynthesis important?

Makes organic molecules (glucose) out of inorganic


materials (carbon dioxide and water).
It begins all food chains/webs. Thus all life is
supported by this process.
It also makes oxygen gas!!
Photosynthesis-starts to ecological food webs!
Photo-synthesis means "putting together with light."

Plants use sunlight to turn water and carbon


dioxide into glucose. Glucose is a kind of sugar.
Plants use glucose as food for energy and as a
building block for growing.
Autotrophs make glucose and heterotrophs are
consumers of it.
How do we know that plants make carbohydrates from
just carbon dioxide water and light energy?
Experiments!
• For example:
Jan Baptisa van Helmont (1648) planted a willow branch
weighing 5 pounds into 200 pounds of soil and then after 4 years
the tree weighed 169 lbs. and the soil was still nearly 200 lbs.
Photosynthesis

sunlight
Carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen
absorbed by chlorophyll

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2

As can be seen from the equation for photosynthesis, the wood, bark, and root came from water
and carbon dioxide.
Chloroplasts make the sugars!
Plants
Leaves are green
because they
contain
the pigment:
chlorophyll

Leaves have a large


surface area to absorb as
much light as possible
"Thanks for the Glucose!"
Stoma
This opening is where plants exchange gases!

Why are the stomata


located on the
underside of leaves?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Absorbing Light Energy to make chemical energy:
glucose!
• Pigments: Absorb different colors of white light
(ROY G BIV)
• Main pigment: Chlorophyll a
• Accessory pigments: Chlorophyll b and Carotenoids
• These pigments absorb all wavelengths (light) BUT green!
• Why do we see green?
• Green color from white light
reflected NOT absorbed
• Chloroplast: responsible for
photosynthesis
Visible light is only a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum
(all forms of light).
• LIGHT behaves as if it were composed of "units" or
"packets" of energy that travel in waves. These packets are
photons.
• The wavelength of light determines its color.
Photosynthesis

Glucose provides the energy and


carbon needed to make other
plant materials like wax and
proteins.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• 2 Phases
• Light-dependent reaction (or Light Reaction Phase)
• Light-independent reaction (or Dark Reaction Phase)

• Light-dependent: converts light energy into chemical energy;


produces ATP molecules to be used to fuel light-independent
reaction

• Light-independent: uses ATP produced to make simple sugars.


PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Light-dependent reaction (LIGHT Reaction)
• Requires light
• Occurs in chloroplast (in thylakoids)
• Thylakoid traps energy from light
• Light excites the electron (e-)
• Kicks e- out of chlorophyll to an electron transport chain
• Electron transport chain: series of proteins in thylakoid
membrane
• Light-dependent reaction (LIGHT Reaction)
• Energy lost along electron transport chain
• Lost energy used to recharge ATP from ADP

• NADPH produced from e- transport chain


• Stores energy until transfer to stroma
• Plays important role in light-independent reaction

• Total byproducts: ATP, NADPH, O2


PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• How did we get O2 as a byproduct?
• Photolysis: replaces lost electrons by splitting water
Sun

Light energy transfers to chlorophyll.

• At each step
along the Chlorophyll passes energy down through the

transport chain,
electron transport chain.

the electrons lose


energy. Energized electrons provide energy that

to ADP
splits bonds P
H2O
forming
H+ ATP
NADP+ oxygen
released
NADPH

for the use in


light-independent reactions
Dark Reaction
• Light independent reaction or Dark Reaction; Calvin Cycle
• Occurs in the stroma
• Uses ATP and NADPH from light reaction as energy
• Uses CO2
• To produce glucose: it takes 6 turns and uses 18 ATP and 12
NADPH.

23
Chloroplast

STROMA– where Calvin Cycle occurs


Outer Membrane Thylakoid Granum
Inner Membrane

24
• Light-independent reaction (Dark Reaction)
• Does not require light
• Calvin Cycle
• Occurs in stroma of chloroplast
• Requires CO2
• Uses ATP and NADPH as fuel to run
• Makes glucose sugar from CO2 and Hydrogen

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