0% found this document useful (0 votes)

16 views

Lecture 1

This document provides an introduction to digital image processing. It discusses what a digital image is, noting that a digital image represents a 2D image as a finite set of digital values called pixels. Common image formats include grayscale, RGB, and RGBA. Digital image processing focuses on improving images for human interpretation, machine applications, and storage/transmission. Examples of tasks include noise filtering, sharpening, removing blur, and contrast enhancement. A brief history of digital image processing is also provided.

Uploaded by

habibullah abed

Available Formats

Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

16 views

Lecture 1

Uploaded by

habibullah abed

Available Formats

Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 47

Digital Image Processing

Dr. M. Ilyas Fakhir

Lecture-1
2
of
36
References

“Digital Image Processing”, 4th Edition.

Rafael C. Gonzalez & Richard E.
Woods, Pearson, 2018.
– Much of the material that follows is
taken from this book
“Digital Image Processing Using
MATLAB”, 3rd Edition. Rafael C.
Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods, Steven
L. Eddins, Gatesmark Publishing
2020.
3
of
36
Contents
Introduction: Elements of digital image processing, Image model,
Sampling and quantization, Relationships between pixels, Image
Enhancement: Enhancement by point processing, Spatial
filtering, Enhancement in the frequency domain, Color Image
Processing, Image Segmentation: Discontinuity detection, Edge
linking and boundary detection, Thresh holding, Region oriented
segmentation, Use of motion for segmentation, Image
Registration: Introduction to image registration, Techniques of
image registration, Representation and Description: Boundary
description, Regional description, Morphological Image
Processing: Dilation and Erosion, Opening and Closing, Some
basic morphological algorithms, Extensions to gray level images,
Image Transforms: Discrete Fourier Transform, Discrete Cosine
Transform, Haar Transform, Hadamard Transform
4
of
36
Objectives
• Digital image processing is among the
fastest growing computer technologies.
• This course will provide an introduction to
the theory and applications of digital
image processing.
• Introduce students to the fundamental
techniques and algorithms used for
processing and extracting useful
information from digital images.
5
of
36
What is a Digital Image?
A digital image is a representation of a two-
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2020)

dimensional image as a finite set of digital

values, called picture elements or pixels
6
of
36
What is a Digital Image? (cont…)
Pixel values typically represent gray levels,
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2020)

colours, heights, opacities etc

Remember digitization implies that a digital
image is an approximation of a real scene

1 pixel
7
of
36
What is a Digital Image? (cont…)
Common image formats include:
– 1 sample per point (B&W or Grayscale)
– 3 samples per point (Red, Green, and Blue)
– 4 samples per point (Red, Green, Blue, and “Alpha”,
a.k.a. Opacity)

For most of this course we will focus on grey-scale

images
8
of
36
What is Digital Image Processing?
Digital image processing focuses on three
major tasks
– Improvement of pictorial information for
human interpretation
– Image processing for autonomous machine
application
– Processing of image data for storage,
transmission and representation

• Some argument about where image processing ends

and fields such as image analysis and computer
vision start
9
of
36
What is Digital Image Processing?

Human perception
Employ methods able to enhance pictorial
information for human interpretation and
analysis such as:
•Noise filtering
•Content enhancement
- Contrast enhancement
- Deblurring
•Remote sensing
10
of
36
What is DIP? (cont…)
The continuum from image processing to
computer vision can be broken up into low-,
mid- and high-level processes
Low Level Process Mid Level Process High Level Process
Input: Image Input: Image Input: Attributes
Output: Image Output: Attributes Output: Understanding
Examples: Noise Examples: Object Examples: Scene
removal, image recognition, understanding,
sharpening segmentation autonomous navigation

In this course we will

stop here
11
of
36
Image Sharpening

(a) Original Image (b) After sharpening

12
of
36
Removing Noise

(a) Original Image (b) After removing noise

13
of
36
Image Deblurring

(a) Original Image (b) After removing the blur

14
of
36
History of Digital Image Processing
Early 1920s: One of the first applications of
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2020)

digital imaging was in the news-

paper industry
– The Bartlane cable picture
transmission service Early digital image

– Images were transferred by submarine cable

between London and New York
– Pictures were coded for cable transfer and
reconstructed at the receiving end on a
telegraph printer
15
of
36
History of DIP (cont…)
Mid to late 1920s: Improvements to the
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2020)

Bartlane system resulted in higher quality

images
– New reproduction
processes based
on photographic
techniques
– Increased number
of tones in Improved
digital image Early 15 tone digital
reproduced images image
16
of
36
History of DIP (cont…)
1960s: Improvements in computing
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2020)

technology and the onset of the space race

led to a surge of work in digital image
processing
– 1964: Computers used to
improve the quality of
images of the moon taken
by the Ranger 7 probe
– Such techniques were used
A picture of the moon taken
in other space missions by the Ranger 7 probe
including the Apollo landings minutes before landing
17
of
36
History of DIP (cont…)
1970s: Digital image processing begins to
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2020)

be used in medical applications

– 1979: Sir Godfrey N.
Hounsfield & Prof. Allan M.
Cormack share the Nobel
Prize in medicine for the
invention of tomography,
the technology behind
Computerised Axial Typical head slice CAT
Tomography (CAT) scans image
18
of
36
History of DIP (cont…)
1980s - Today: The use of digital image
processing techniques has exploded and
they are now used for all kinds of tasks in all
kinds of areas
– Image enhancement/restoration
– Artistic effects
– Medical visualisation
– Industrial inspection
– Law enforcement
– Human computer interfaces
19
of
36
Applications – Imaging modalities

The electromagnetic spectrum arranged according to energy

per photon.
20
of
36
Applications: Image Enhancement
One of the most common uses of DIP
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2020)

techniques: improve quality, remove noise

etc
21
of
36
Applications: The Hubble Telescope
Launched in 1990 the Hubble
telescope can take images of
very distant objects
However, an incorrect mirror
made many of Hubble’s
images useless
Image processing
techniques were
used to fix this
22
of
36
Applications: Artistic Effects
Artistic effects are
used to make
images more
visually appealing,
to add special
effects and to make
composite images
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2020)

of
36
23

X-ray imaging
Applications: Medicine
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2020)

of
36
24

Gamma-ray imaging
Applications: Medicine (cont...)
25
of
36
Applications: Medicine (cont...)
•Radio frequencies
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

•Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2020)

of
36
26

Ultrasound
Applications: Medicine (cont...)
27
of
36
Applications: Medicine (cont...)

3D tomography and rendering with transparencies (1)

Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2020)
28
of
36
Applications: Medicine (cont...)

3D tomography and rendering with transparencies (2)

Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2020)
29
of
36
Applications: Medicine (cont...)

3D tomography and rendering with transparencies (3)

Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2020)

Human brain Cancer cell Ice Block

(128 cross-sections) (256 cross-sections) (Human brain)
(128 cryo-sections)
30
of
36
Applications: Medicine
Take slice from MRI scan of canine heart,
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2020)

and find boundaries between types of tissue

– Image with gray levels representing tissue
density
– Use a suitable filter to highlight edges

Original MRI Image of a Dog Heart Edge Detection Image

31
of
36
Applications: GIS
Geographic Information Systems
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2020)

– Digital image processing techniques are used

extensively to manipulate satellite imagery
– Terrain classification
– Meteorology
32
of
36
Applications: GIS (cont…)
Night-Time Lights of
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2020)

the World data set

– Global inventory of
human settlement
– Not hard to imagine
the kind of analysis
that might be done
using this data
33
of
36
Applications: Industrial Inspection
Human operators are
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2020)

expensive, slow and

unreliable
Make machines do the
job instead
Industrial vision systems

are used in all kinds of

industries
34
of
36
Applications: PCB Inspection
Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inspection
– Machine inspection is used to determine that
all components are present and that all solder
joints are acceptable
– Both conventional imaging and x-ray imaging
are used
35
of
36
Applications: Law Enforcement
Image processing
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2020)

techniques are used

extensively by law
enforcers
– Number plate
recognition for speed
cameras/automated
toll systems
– Fingerprint recognition
– Enhancement of
CCTV images
36
of
36
Applications: HCI
Try to make human
computer interfaces more
natural
– Face recognition
– Gesture recognition
Does anyone remember the
user interface from “Minority
Report”?
These tasks can be
extremely difficult
37
of
36
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement