BASIC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY

AND HEALTH
Module 1: Principle of Health
and Safety and Life Control
Concepts
 Principle of Health and Safety & Life
Critical Concepts
Course Learning Outcome
Understand the principles and concepts of the Health and
Safety and life critical.
Describe the organizational commitment and involvement in
OSH with emphasis on government regulations.
Topic Learning Outcomes
Discuss the legislations and identify government
agencies that offers control and regulations of OSH in
workplaces.
Explain The theories of accident causations and set
goals and objectives
Recognizes the importance of OSH Standards in the
organization that offer guidelines for avoiding accidents
and minimize failures and malfunctioning.
 Principle of Health and Safety & Life
Critical Concepts
• Domino Theory of Accident Causation
“All accidents are caused! There is a logical
reason why they happen and a logical solution to
prevent them.”
88 percent of industrial accidents are caused by
unsafe acts committed by fellow workers.
10 percent of industrial accidents are caused by
unsafe conditions.
2 percent of industrial accidents are unavoidable.
Principle of Health and Safety & Life
Critical Concepts
 Principle of Health and Safety & Life
Critical Concepts
Accident Causation Model
The five factors in the sequence of events leading up to
an accident. These factors can be summarized as
follows:

Figure 1 – Heinrich Domino Theory

Social Environment Fault of Person
Unsafe act/condition
Accident Injury
Principle of Health and Safety & Life
Critical Concepts
Accident Causation
Model
 Principle of Health and Safety & Life
Critical Concepts
H.W.HEINRICH DOMINO THEORY
 Principle of Health and Safety & Life
Critical Concepts
Accident Causation Model
Ancestry and Social Environment.
Negative character traits that might lead people to
behave in an unsafe manner can be inherited
(ancestry) or acquired as a result of the social
environment.
Fault of person.
Negative character traits, whether inherited or
acquired, are why people behave in an unsafe manner
and why hazardous conditions exits.
Unsafe Act/Mechanical or physical hazard .
Unsafe acts committed by people and mechanical or
physical hazards are the direct causes of accidents.
 Principle of Health and Safety & Life
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Accident Causation Model Causation Model

Accident.
Typically, accidents that result in injury are caused by falls
and the impact of moving objects.
Injury.
Typical injuries resulting from accidents include lacerations
and fractures.
Heinrich’s theory has two central points:
• Injuries are caused by the action of preceding factors; and
• Removal of the central factor negates the action of the
preceding factors and in so doing prevents accidents and
injuries.
 Principle of Health and Safety & Life
Critical Concepts
Heinrich’s Domino Theory – Critical Issues
• The factor preceding the accident (the unsafe act or
the mechanical or physical hazard) and it should
receive the most attention.
• Heinrich felt that the person responsible at a
company for loss control should be interested in all
five factors, but be concerned primarily with accidents
and the proximate causes of those accidents.
• Heinrich also emphasized that accidents, not injuries
or property damage, should be the point of attack.
– An accident is any unplanned, uncontrolled
event that could result in personal injury or property
damage. For example, if a person slips and falls, an
injury may or may not result, but an accident has taken
place.
 Principle of Health and Safety & Life
Critical Concepts
Heinrich’s Domino Theory – Corrective Action
Sequence (The three “E”s)
• Engineering
– Control hazards through product design or process
change.
• Education
– Train workers regarding all facets of safety.
– Impose on management that attention to safety pays off.
• Enforcement
– Insure that internal and external rules, regulations, and
standard operating procedures are followed by
workers as well as management.
 Principle of Health and Safety & Life
Critical Concepts
HUMAN FACTORS THEORY
 Heinrich posed his model in terms of a single domino leading
to an accident. The premise here is that human errors cause
accidents. These errors are categorized broadly as:
 OVERLOAD
- The work task is beyond the capability of the worker
1. Includes physical and psychological factors
2. Influenced by environmental factors, internal factors,
and situational factors
 INAPPROPRIATE WORKER RESPONSE
- To hazards and safety measures (worker’s fault)
- To incompatible work station (management, environment
faults)
 Principle of Health and Safety & Life
Critical Concepts
HUMAN FACTORS THEORY
 INAPPROPRIATE ACTIVITIES
- Lack of training and misjudgment of risk but the
structure of this theory is still a cause/effect format.

ACCIDENT/INCIDENT THEORY
Extension of human factors theory. Here the following new elemen
introduced:
• Ergonomic traps
– These are incompatible work stations, tools or expectation
(management failure)
• Decision to err
– Unconscious or conscious (personal failure)
• Systems failure
 Principle of Health and Safety & Life
Critical Concepts
ACCIDENT/INCIDENT THEORY
• Decision to err
– Unconscious or conscious (personal failure)
• Systems failure
– Management failure (policy, training, etc.)
 Principle of Health and Safety & Life
Critical Concepts
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL THEORY
Epidemiology
– This field studies relationship between environmental factors and
disease.
– Can be used to study causal factors in a relationship.
Two key components:
1 Predisposition characteristics.
• tendencies may predispose worker to certain actions.
2 Situational characteristics.
• peer pressure, poor attitude, risk taking.
Together these characteristics can cause or prevent
accidents that a person predisposed to a given situation or
condition may succumb to.
 Principle of Health and Safety & Life
Critical Concepts
Frank Bird Domino Sequence
Frank Bird Jr. is the first to propose an updated
Domino theory of accident causation. The five
key factors in this updated sequence are –
(1) Lack of Control: Management; (3) Immediate
Cause: Symptoms;
(2) Basic Causes: Origins; : (4) Accident:
Contact; and
(5) Injury-Damage: Loss (Strasser, 1981).
Principle of Health and Safety & Life
Critical Concepts
Frank Bird Domino Sequence
 Principle of Health and Safety & Life
Critical Concepts
Frank Bird Domino Sequence
Lack of Control
Inadequate System - too few or improper system activities.
While the required system may vary depending on the
organization’s nature, type and size, many organizations
around the world use these elements as a blueprint for
building an adequate safety/loss control system.
Inadequate Standards - let people know what is expected of
them; permit meaningful measurement of how well they
perform in relation to the standards. Clearly indicate who is
responsible, what they are responsible for, and when or how
often they need to carry out that responsibility. Lack of
compliance with existing standards is a common reason for
lack of control.
 Principle of Health and Safety & Life
Critical Concepts
ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT & INVOLVEMENT IN OSH
DOLE OSH Rule# 1043.01 : Health and Safety Committee:
The Health and Safety Committee is the planning and policymaking
group in all matters pertaining to safety and health. The principal duties
of the Health and Safety Committee are:
(1) Plans and develops accident prevention programs for the
establishment.
(2) Directs the accident prevention efforts of the establishment in
accordance with the safety programs safety performance and
government regulations in order to prevent accidents from
occurring in the workplace.
(3) Conducts safety meetings at least once a month.
(4) Reviews reports of inspection, accident investigations and
implementation of program.
(5) Submits reports to the manager on its meetings and
activities.
 Principle of Health and Safety & Life
Critical Concepts
ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT & INVOLVEMENT IN OSH
DOLE OSH Rule# 1043.01 : Health and Safety Committee:
(6) Provides necessary assistance to government
inspecting authorities in the proper conduct of their
activities, such as the enforcement of the
provisions of this Standards.
(7) Initiates and supervises safety training for employees.
(8) Develops and maintains a disaster contingency plan and
organizes such emergency service units as may be
necessary to handle disaster situations pursuant to the
emergency preparedness manual for establishments of
the Office of Civil Defense.
 Principle of Health and Safety & Life
Critical Concepts
Life Critical
Low hazard Hot Work
Examples are: Light
(portable) grinding A safety-critical system or life-
critical system is a system whose
failure or malfunction may result
in one (or more) of the following
outcomes: death or serious injury
to people. loss or severe damage
to equipment /property.
 Principle of Health and Safety & Life Critical
Concepts

Life Critical
HOT WORKS
Hot work is defined as whenever an open flame, grinding
sparks, welding arc or other type of ignition source is
required to complete a task.
 Principle of Health and Safety & Life
Critical Concepts

High hazard Hot Work High hazard Hot Work

Examples are: Heavy Grinding Examples are: Electric
Arc Welding