WDM Principle

[email protected]
 Introduction
 This course mainly introduces the basic knowledge of
WDM technologies, expounds key technologies and
optical transmission specification of DWDM. Through
this course, you will have a relatively complete
understanding of the WDM knowledge and the
development orientation of optical transmission
networks.

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 Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Describe the concepts, transmission modes and
structure of WDM;
 Classify the different types and characteristics of the
fiber;
 Outline the key technologies of WDM system.
 List the technical specifications for WDM system.

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Contents
 WDM Overview
 Transmission Media
 Key Technologies
 Master Limitation of DWDM system
 Technical Specifications
How to increase network capacity ？
 WDM
 Economical &
 TDM Mature & Quick
 STM-16→ STM-64
 SDM
 Cost & Complication
 Add fiber &
equipment
 Time & cost

Solution of capacity expansion

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What's WDM ？

Gas Station

Free Way

Patrol Car

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WDM Concept

 Different signals with specific wavelength

are multiplexed into a fiber for
transmission.
1 1 2 n

SDH signal

IP package 2 ┉
ATM cells
┋
n

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 System Structure
 The overall structure of the WDM system
of N-path wavelength:
 Optical Transponder Unit (OTU)
 Optical Multiplexer Unit / Optical De-multiplexer
Unit (OMU/ODU)
 Optical Amplifier (OA)
 Supervisory Channel (OSC/ESC)
OTU OTU

O O
OTU BA LA PA OTU
M D
U U
OTU OTU
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OSC OSC OSC
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Transmission Modes

 Single fiber unidirectional transmission

MUX DMUX

M
O 4 O
0
T 0 T
U U
4
M

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Transmission Modes

 Single fiber bidirectional transmission

MUX/DMUX DMUX/MUX

M
O 4 O
0
T 0 T
U U
4
M

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Application Modes

 Open System
MUX DMUX

M
4
O O
0
T 0 T
U 4 U
M

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Application Modes

 Integrated System
MUX DMUX

M
4
0 0
4
M

Client Client

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Advantages of WDM
 Ultra high capacity
 Data transparency transmission
 Long haul transmission
 Compatible with existing optical fibers
 High performance-to-cost ratio
 High networking flexibility, economy and
reliability
 Smooth expansion
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CWDM vs. DWDM
 CWDM: Coarse wavelength
division multiplexing
 spacing of two adjacent
wavelengths: 20 nm

 DWDM: dense wavelength division multiplexing

 spacing of two adjacent wavelengths: 25 GHz

ITU-T G.694.1
192 wavelengths at the extended C band with 25 GHz channel spacing
160 wavelengths at C band
32 extended wavelengths

196.05THz 192.125THz 192.05THz 191.275THz

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Distribution of Optical Wavelength Areas

 Nominal central frequency refers to the

central wavelength corresponding to each
channel in WDM systems. Channel
frequency allowed in G.692 is based on
frequency and spacing series of reference
frequency 193.1THz and minimum
spacing 100GHz , 50GHz or 25GHz.

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 Questions

 What are WDM, DWDM and CWDM?

 Difference between the two transmission
modes
 Difference between the two application
modes
 List the structure of the WDM system.

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Summary
 Basic concepts and features of WDM, DWDM and
CWDM;
 WDM system structure ;
 Transmission and application Modes of WDM system;
Contents
 WDM Overview
 Transmission Media
 Key Technologies
 Master Limitation of DWDM system
 Technical Specifications
Structure of Optical Fiber

 Consists of a cylindrical glass core, a

glass cladding and a plastic wear-
resisting coating.
Refraction

n2 Cladding
θ

Reflection n1 Core

Coating
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Characteristics of Fiber

 Loss

 Dispersion

 Non-linear

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Characteristics of Fiber Loss
 Fiber loss is classified into:
 Absorption loss
 Scattering loss
 Bending loss
 The fiber loss can be calculated according
to the following formula:
 Fiber loss (dB) = fiber length (km) x fiber loss coefficient (dB/km)

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Attenuation
dB/km

Multi-mode
5
O E S C L U
4
band

3
-
（ OH
2
850~900nm

1
nm
） 900 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
 Attenuation varies with wavelengths.
 The attenuation around 1380 nm goes up sharply due to absorption
by hydroxyl ions. This is generally called "water peak".
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Wavelength Ranges in WDM
Band Description Range (nm) Bandwidth (nm)

O band Original 1260–1360 100

E band Extension 1360–1460 100

S band Short 1460–1525 65

C band Normal 1525–1565 40

L band Long 1565–1625 60

U band Ultra-long 1625–1675 50

 In a DWDM system, C band and L band are used because the

attenuation in the two bands is the lowest.
 In a CWDM system, multiple bands are used, ranging from 1311 to
1611 nm, because attenuation is not a major restrictive factor in short-
distance transmission.
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Characteristics of Fiber Dispersion

 Fiber dispersion can be classified into:

 Mode dispersion
 Chromatic dispersion
 Polarization mode dispersion

 Dispersion: a physical phenomenon of signal distortion caused when

various modes carrying signal energy or different frequencies of the
signal have different group velocity and disperse from each other
during propagation.

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Chromatic Dispersion
 Chromatic dispersion:
 pulse broadening, cause inter-symbol interference
Power
Optical pulses

Transmitting Transmitting
L1 (km) L2 (km)

Time
 The chromatic dispersion can be calculated according to the
following formula:
 CD (ps/nm) = fiber length (km) x CD coefficient (ps/km.nm)
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PMD

 PMD occurs when optical signals in two orthogonal polarizations

travel at different speeds in optical fibers. PMD is one of critical
parameters related to optical fibers.
 PMD occurs randomly. So it is a random variable.
 PMD has the same impact as CD has: resulting in pulse
broadening.
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 G.652/G.653/G.655 Single-Mode
Optical Fibers
 According to ITU-T, three types of single-mode optical fibers are defined
in G.652, G.653, and G.655 respectively. The differences between them
are shown in the following table:
Type
Definition Scope Main Specifications
The standard single-mode fiber Used in both SDH Attenuation: The attenuation value of the 1310 nm band is 0.3–0.4 dB/km and
(SMF) refers to the fiber whose system and DWDM the typical value is 0.35 dB/km. The attenuation value of the 1550 nm band is
G.652 zero-dispersion point (the zero- system 0.17–0.25 dB/km and the typical value is 0.20 dB/km.
dispersion wavelength) is near to Dispersion: The allowed value of the zero-dispersion wavelength is 1300–
1310 nm. 1324 nm. The dispersion coefficient of the 1550 nm band is positive and the
typical value of the dispersion coefficient D is 17 ps/(nm.km). The maximum
value is not more than 20 ps/(nm.km).

Dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) Used in the SDH Attenuation: The attenuation value of the 1310 nm band is less than 0.55
refers to the fiber whose zero- system but not in dB/km and the typical value has not been confirmed. The attenuation value of
G.653 dispersion point is near to 1550 nm. the DWDM system the 1550 nm band is less than 0.35 dB/km and the typical value is 0.19–0.25
Compared with G.652 SMF, the dB/km.
zero-dispersion point of G.653 DSF Dispersion: The wavelengths in the G.653 DSF are near to 1550 nm, usually
shifts. 1525–1575 nm. The maximum dispersion coefficient is 3.5 ps/(nm.km). The
dispersion coefficient in the DSF is too small or may be 0 for 1550 nm bands,
especially C band.
Non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber Used in both SDH Attenuation: The attenuation value of the 1310 nm band is not specified in
(NZDSF) refers to the fiber whose system and DWDM ITU-T. The attenuation value of the 1550 nm band is less than 0.35 dB/km,
G.655 zero-dispersion point is shifted system, but more usually 0.19–0.25 dB/km.
away from 1550 nm and not within applicable to the Dispersion: If 1530 nm <  < 1565 nm, 0.1 ps/(nm.km) < |D(λ)| < 6.0
the DWDM operating wavelength DWDM system ps/(nm.km). The typical value of the dispersion coefficient of the G.655
range near to 1550 nm. P_0027
NZDSF varies with vendors and needs to be confirmed based on actual
situations, Quality
usually 4.5
andps/(nm.km) and 6 ps/(nm.km).
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Dispersion
G.652:widely used, need G.653: Zero dispersion
dispersion compensation for at 1550nm window.
high rate transmission
Dispersion
coefficient

17ps/nm.km G.655

¦ Ë
1310nm
1550nm

G.655: Little dispersion

to avoid FWM.

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Non-Linear Effects of Single-Mode
Optical Fibers

 Fiber Non-linear effects can be classified

into:
 Stimulated non-flexible scattering: stimulated
Raman scattering (SRS) and stimulated Brillouin
scattering (SBS)
 Kerr-effect: self-phase modulation (SPM), cross-
phase modulation (XPM) and four wave mixing
(FWM)

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SRS
Short wavelength, pump,
and long wavelength

P P
Impacts on the system:
Power unbalance in the
channel
Inter-channel Raman l
l
crosstalk
Input Output

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SBS
A non-linear phenomenon causing the strong forward
transmission signal converted to backward transmission when
the signal optical power exceeds the SBS threshold
SBS power threshold: 9 dBm for single wavelength channel

Impacts on the system:

When the value exceeds the threshold, strong backward
scattering is caused and intensity noise is repeated.

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XPM/SPM
Self-Phase Modulation (SPM)
The phase varies with the strength of light and is transformed
into waveform distortion.
The impact varies directly with incident power in the channel
and is accumulated along the fiber and transmission sections.

Cross-Phase Modulation (XPM)

Phase modulation is affected by other channels and the
change of phase due to fiber dispersion causes intensity
noises.
Increase the channel spacing to suppress XPM.
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FWM
Definition: Two or three light waves with different wavelength interact
with each other, which causes new light waves at other wavelengths
or causes new optical wavelength effect on the sideband.

Fiber

f f
f1 f3 f2 f1 fFWM f3 f2

Impacts: When the new frequency generated by FWM is within the

channel bandwidths, the channel strength may fluctuate and inter-
channel crosstalk may occur.
Factors: dispersion, channel number, channel spacing and signal power

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Note!

 Non-linear effects cannot be eliminated or

compensated for. So they should be
restricted as much as possible!

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Summary
 Structure of optical fiber
 Types of optical fiber
 Characteristics of optical fiber
Contents
 WDM Overview
 Transmission Media
 Key Technologies
 Master Limitation of DWDM system
 Technical Specifications
WDM System Key Technologies

 Optical  Optical Multiplexer

Source/receiver and Demultiplexer

Key Tech. in WDM

 Optical Amplifier
 Supervisory
Technologies/code
technology

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Requirements of Optical Source

1 Larger dispersion tolerance value

2 Standard and stable wavelength

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Direct modulator

LD

Modulation current

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Electro-Absorption (EA) external
modulator

LD EA
DC
current drive ITU ¦ Ë

Modulation current

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 Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) external
modulator

Modulation current

LD
DC current ITU ¦ Ë
drive

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Comparison of Modulators

Types Direct Modulator EA Modulator M-Z Modulator

Max. dispersion >12800

1200~4000 7200~12800
toleration (ps/nm)

Cost moderate expensive very expensive

Wavelength Stability good better best

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Wavelength Tunable Technology
 Wavelength Tunable Principle

The wavelengths corresponding to the refractive index and maximum gain of
semiconductor materials vary with the temperature, pressure, carrier potency,
and field strength. Changing these factors can realize tunable wavelengths.
 Change the temperature and carrier potency and then combine with such
technologies as MEMS, microelectronics, and light wave circuits to produce
various tunable technologies.

 Advantages of Wavelength Tunable Technology

 Reduction of spare parts stock
 Flexible networking

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Classification of Wavelength Tunable Sources
 Based on the number of tunable wavelengths:
 4-wavelength, 8-wavelength, 20-wavelength, 40-wavelength, 80-wavelength,
160-wavelength…
 Based on the frequency spacing:
 100 GHz, 50 GHz, and 25 GHz
 Based on the appearance and structure
 Laser type: the appearance is similar to a common laser.
 Module type: tunable laser + locker + control circuit
 Based on the manufacturers
 Fujitsu, ioLon, Agility, Intel, BandWidth9, Princeton Optronics, Bookham,
GTRAN, QDI, Santur, Vitesse…
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Code Modulation Technology
Conventional code
…modulation technology …
New code modulation
technology
(NRZ)
 Simple, low-cost, and mature  Reduce OSNR tolerance.
 NRZ for transitional code  Add dispersion tolerance and
elements, sensitive to
PDM tolerance.
transmission damage, and
inapplicable to high-speed
 Suppress pulse distortion caused
ultra-long-haul DWDM by non-linear effect of the fiber.
transmission  Applied in long-haul DWDM
 Commonly applied in mid- and transmission systems.
short-haul DWDM
transmission systems
 CRZ, DRZ, ODB, DQPSK……

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Comparison of coding technologies with 40 Gbit/s
rate

COMPARE ITEM NRZ ODB DRZ （ H NRZ- RZ- DP-QPSK

W) DPSK DQPSK

OSNR ★ ★ ★★ ★★★ ★★★ ★★★★

CD tolerance ★★ ★★★ ★★ ★★ ★★★ ★★ ★★

PMD tolerance ★ ★★ ★★ ★★ ★★★ ★★ ★★

50GHz × √ × × √ √

Non-linear tolerance ★★ ★★ ★★★ ★★★ ★★ ★

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Receiver

lower sensitivity (usually about -20 dBm) and higher

PIN overload point (usually about 0 dBm); applicable to short-
distance transmission

higher sensitivity (usually about -28 dBm) and lower

APD overload point (usually about -9 dBm); applicable to long-
distance transmission

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 FEC Technology
 Forward Error Correction Technology
 The transmit end adds redundant error correction codes and the receive end
decodes and corrects errors to eliminate errors on the circuit.
 Reduce the OSNR tolerance of the receiver. The reduced OSNR tolerance is
called code gain.
 The FEC capability varies directly with the code gain.

 Classification of FEC Technology

 In-band FEC: supported by ITU-T G.707, code gain: 3 dB to 4 dB
 Out-of-band FEC: supported by ITU-T G.975/709, code gain: 5 dB to 6 dB
 Extremely robust FEC: no standard is available currently, highest code gain: 7
dB to 9 dB

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Optical Amplifiers

EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier

RFA Raman Fiber Amplifier

OA

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Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
E3 excited state
Decay
1550nm E2 meta-stable state
signal light
Stimulated radiation

1550nm
signal light
980nm
pump light
E1 ground state

 Er3+ energy level diagram

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Structure of EDFA

Signal input ISO Coupler ISO Signal Output

TAP TAP
EDF

Pumping laser

PD PD

ISO: Isolator
PD: Photon Detector

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Features of EDFA
… Advantages … Disadvantages

 Consistent with the low

Fixed gain range
attenuation window Gain un-flatness
 High energy conversion Optical surge problem
efficiency
 High gain with little cross-
talk
 Good gain stability

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Automatic Gain Control
λ1~ λn

λ1~ λn Gain

EDFA
Pin Pout

Gain no change!

Gain = Pout / Pin is invariable

Input Power: Pin coupler EDF Output Power: Pout

splitter pump splitter

PIN PIN
DSP

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Main Performance Parameters of EDFA

 Amplified spontaneous emission noise (ASE)

 Noise figure (NF) = (S/N) in / (S/N) out ≥ 3 dB
 Gain (G) = 10lg (Pout/Pin) (dB)
 Gain flatness: gain balance
 Bandwidth

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Raman Fiber Amplifier
 Stimulated Raman Scattering
Gain
Pump

30nm
13THz

Gain
Pump1 Pump2 Pump3

30nm
70~100nm
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Features of Raman
… Advantages … Disadvantages

 Flexible gain wavelength

High pump power, low
efficiency and high cost;
 Simple structure
Components & fiber
 Nonlinear effect can be
undertake the high power;
reduced;
 Low noise

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Application of OA

OTU OTU
M M M MD
4U OA OA4 OA4 4M
0X 0 0 0U
OTU X OTU

Booster amplifier Line Amplifier Pre-amplifier

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Optical Multiplexer and Demultiplexer

Multiplexer Demultiplexer

Fiber

Technologies of WDM/WDD Main parameters of WDM/WDD

Diffraction grating technology Insertion loss
Medium film technology Channel isolation
Coupler technology Channel bandwidth
Arrayed waveguide technology Polarization dependent loss

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Diffraction Grating
grating
Grin lens

1
2
3

7
8

Input light (1, 2... 8)

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Thin Film Filter

λ 1- λ 4 λ 1 filter

Self-focusing lens
λ1

λ 3 filter
λ2

λ3

λ4 Glass
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Coupler Multiplexer
1
2

3
4

5
6

。
。

OUT
。.

IN
。
。
。

13
14

15
16

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Arrayed Waveguide Grating

Arrayed of waveguides 1…n

λ1

λ1,λ2… λn λn
Arrayed of fibers

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Interleaver
 Divide a channel of signals with f frequency
spacing into two channels of signals with 2f
frequency spacing, and then the signals are
output from two channels.
 It is applied in WDM/WDD that needs denser
channel spacing.

50/100GHz

25/50GHz

50/100GHz

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Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (OADM)

OAMD

 OADM can be classified into two types:

 FOADM: fixed OADM (arranged in series or parallel, or
hybrid)
 ROADM: reconfigurable OADM (further classified into
broadcast and select, or into de-multiplexing and
switch/multiplexing)
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 Diversified Fixed Optical Add/Drop
Multiplexer (FOADM)

 Low costs
 FOADM I  Simple structure
 Maximum of 16 wavelengths
Multiple-layer dielectric
film technology
Serial OADMs

EREG

 FOADM II
 Supporting online upgrade
AWG technology  100% wavelength add/drop
Parallel OADMs

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ROADM: Broadcast and Select
 Input signals are sent from the left side and divided into
two channels of signals (broadcast) after passing
through the demultiplexer.
 The dropped channel is selected by a device such as a tunable
filter and then the filter drops the selected channel of signals.
 The straight-through channel passes through WB and is
selected and filtered. This channel of signals and the add
channel of signals are coupled and output.

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ROADM: Demultiplexing/Switch/Multiplexing

 All input wavelengths are demultiplexed

and cross-connected to the proper output
interfaces (drop or straight-through) and
then combined.

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Supervisory Technologies

OSC Optical Supervisory Channel Technology

ESC Electrical Supervisory Channel Technology

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Optical Supervisory Channel
 Requirements:
 Operating wavelength should be different from the
pumping wavelength of OA.
 Operating wavelength should not take 1310nm
window.
 Available when OA fails;
 Suitable for long distance transmission (-48dBm).

OSC OSC
F F
S OTU1 I I 0 OTU1 S
M
C OTU2
4
U U 4 OTU2 C
C OTU3 M OTU3 C
0
OTU4 OTU4

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Typical frame structure of OSC
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 …… TS14 TS15 TS16 …… TS31

TS0 FA TS17 F2 byte

TS1 E1 byte TS18 F3 byte
TS2 F1 byte TS19 E2 byte
TS14 ALC byte Others Reserved
TS3-TS13, TS15 D1-D12 bytes

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Electrical Supervisory Channel
 Features:
 Simple structure & cost saving
 Redundancy supported
 Improve power budget
 Reduce system complexity

S OTU1 0 OTU1 S
OTU2
M
C 4 OTU2 C
4
C OTU3 M OTU3 C
0
OTU4 OTU4

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 Questions
 What is the mechanism of electro-absorption
modulation?
 How many types of multiplexer are there used
for WDM?
 What is the difference between EDFA and
Raman?
 What are the working wavelength and bit rate of
OSC signal?

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Summary
 Optical source
 Optical amplifier
 Optical multiplexer
 Supervisory technologies
Contents
 WDM Overview
 Transmission Media
 Key Technologies
 Master Limitation of DWDM system
 Technical Specifications
Restriction Factors of WDM
WDM

Restriction factors

Optical
Optical dispersion Non-linear
signal-to-
power effect
noise ratio

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Optical Power Budget****
 Fiber loss (dB) = P output (dBm) – P input
(dBm) = distance (km) x a (dB/km)
 A. Loss coefficient
• In the 1550 nm window, the loss coefficient of
G.652 and G.655 fibers is: a = 0.22 dB/km.

S R
P output Distance L (km) P input
Station A Station B

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Power Topics

 Optical amplifier technology

 Reduction of system insertion loss

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Dispersion
 Chromatic dispersion (ps/nm) = distance (km) x
dispersion coefficient (ps/nm.km)
• G.652 fiber: dispersion coefficient = 17 ps/nm.km
• G.655 fiber: dispersion coefficient = 4.5 ps/nm.km
 Chromatic dispersion is the main factor.
 In long-haul transmission, the dispersion
compensation module (DCM) is adopted for
dispersion compensation.
OMS

Distance L
Station A (km) Station B
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Dispersion Compensation Technology

 Dispersion compensation modes:

 Optical domain dispersion compensation (DCF)

 Electrical dispersion compensation (Cohérent)

 Dispersion management soliton (RZ-Coding)

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Optical Domain Dispersion Compensation
 To reduce the impact of the chromatic dispersion, adopt the DCM to
compensate for the accumulated dispersion on the fiber. Currently, the
dispersion compensation fiber (DCF) in the DCM is used for dispersion
compensation.
 Dispersion slope compensation
 Broadband dispersion compensation

Dispersion
coefficient G.652

Wavelength
Common DCF
DSCF: dispersion slope
compensation fiber

 PMD is generated randomly and is hard to be compensated.

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OSNR
OTU OTU
MM M
D
44 OA OA OA OA OA OA 4
00 OTS 1 OTS 2 OTS 3 OTS 4 OTS 5 0
OTU OTU

Power
(dBm) Psignal

PASE

Distance
(km)
OSNR
(dB)

Distance
(km)
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OSNR
 Increase the system signal-to-noise ratio
• Raman amplification technology
• Pre-amplifier with low noise + booster amplifier
with high gain

 Reduce the requirement on signal-to-noise

ratio for the system
• New code modulation technology
• Forward error correction (FEC) coding technology
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The OSNR requirement of different FEC and
encoding modes
rate FEC mode Encding OSNR remark
mode requirement
无 FEC NRZ 26

FEC NRZ 20
AFEC NRZ 18
10Gbit/s
AFEC CRZ 16

AFEC DRZ 14.5

AFEC ODB 16 CD tolerance is 4000ps/nm

AFEC NRZ 20 LBE(S)
AFEC CRZ 17.5
10GE
AFEC DRZ 17
AFEC ODB 19

AFEC DRZ 16.5 LM40

40Gbit/s
AFEC ODB 17
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Quality and Process-Quality Circle

Non-Linear Technology

 New code modulation technology

 Dispersion management technology
 Fiber-input power control
 Channel spacing technology

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Contents
 WDM Overview
 Transmission Media
 Key Technologies
 Master Limitation of DWDM system
 Technical Specifications
 Related ITU-T recommendations
 G.652 Characteristics of a single-mode optical fiber cable
 G.655 Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted SMF
 G.661/G.662/G.663 Relevant recommendations of OA
 G.671 Characteristics of passive optical components
 G.957 Optical interfaces relating to SDH system
 G.691 Optical interfaces for single channel STM-64, STM-256
systems and other SDH systems with OA
 G.692 Optical interfaces for multi-channel systems with OA
 G.709 Interfaces for the optical transport network (OTN)
 G.975 Forward error correction for submarine systems (FEC)

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Transmission Channel Reference Points

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Quality and Process-Quality Circle

 Questions
 Which are the ITU-T recommendations
involved for WDM part?
 What is the absolute reference frequency
for WDM systems?

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Quality and Process-Quality Circle

Thanks!