POWER SYSTEM

COMPONETS AND
PER UNIT
REPRSENTATION

By:
PROF.J.N RAI
DTU
1
Introduction
 An electrical power system consists of generation,
transmission and distribution.
 The transmission systems supply bulk power and the
distribution systems transfer electric power to the
ultimate consumers.
 The generation of the electric energy is nothing but the
conversion of one form energy into electrical energy.
 Electrical energy is generated in hydro, thermal and
nuclear power stations.
 Sometimes, electrical energy is generated from non-
renewable energy sources like wind, waves, fossil fuels,
etc. The generating voltages are usually 6.6kV, 10.5kV,
11kV, 13.8kV, 15.75kV, etc.
2
3
Components of an electric power system:
 Generators: A device used to convert one form of energy into electrical
energy.
 Transformer: Transfer power or energy from one circuit to other without
the change of frequency.(to increase or decrease the voltage level)
 Transmission lines: Transfer power from one location to another
 Control Equipment: Used for protection purpose
 Primary Transmission: 110kV, 132kV or 220kV or 400kV or 765kV, high
voltage transmission, 3 phase 3-wire system.
 Secondary transmission: 3 phase 3-wire system, 33kV or 66kV feeders
are used
 Primary distribution: 3 phase 3-wire system, 11kV or 6.6kV, 3 phase 3-
wire system
 Secondary distribution: 400V for 3φ, 230V for 1φ

4
Generators:
 Generator is a device which converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy. Generating voltages are
normally 6.6 kV,10.5 kV or 11 kV.
 This generating voltage can be step up to 110 kV/132
kV/220kV at the generating(indoor or outdoor) to
reduce the current in transmission line and to reduce
transmission losses.
 Generators produce real power (MV) and reactive
power (MVAR).

5
Transformers:
 It is a static device which transfers power or energy
from one circuit to another circuit without change of
frequency.
 The main function of transformers is step up voltages
from lower generation levels to the higher generation
voltage levels and also step down voltages from
higher transmission voltage levels to lower
distribution levels.
 When we are increasing the transmission voltage,
current flowing through the current flowing through
the grid decreases, thereby transmission losses (I2R)
reduces.

6
Control Equipment
 Circuit Breaker (CB): Circuit breakers are used for opening or
closing a circuit normal and abnormal (fault) condition.
 Different types of circuit breaker are oil circuit breaker, air-
blast circuit breaker, vacuum circuit breaker, SF6 circuit breaker.
 During fault conditions relay will give command to the circuit
breaker to operate.
 Isolators: Isolators are placed in substations to isolate the part of
system during maintenance.
 It can operate only during no-load condition. Isolated
switches are provided on each side of the circuit breaker.

7
Contd…
 Busbar: Busbars are used to connect number of lines
operating at the same voltage electrically.
 It is made up of copper or aluminium. Different types
of busbar arrangements are –single busbar
arrangement, single bus bar with sectionalisation,
double bus bar arrangements, ring bus bar scheme
etc.

8
Transmission System
 It supplies only large blocks of power to bulk power station
or very big consumers.
 It interconnects the neighbouring generating stations in to
a power pool i.e, interconnection of two or more generating
stations.
 Tolerance of transmission line voltage is ±5 to ± 10% due to
the variation of loads.
Primary Transmission
 If the generated power is transmitted through transmission
line without stepping up the generated voltage, the line
current and power loss would be very high.
 So the generated voltage is stepped up to higher value by
using the step up transformer located in substations known
as sending end substations near the generating stations.

9
Contd…
 The high voltage transmission lines transmit power
from sending end substation to the receiving end substation.
 Primary transmission voltages are 110KV, 132 KV or 220KV 0r
400KV or 760KV.It uses 3phase, and 3wire system.
Secondary Transmission
 At the receiving end substation, the voltage is stepped down to
a value of 66 or 33 or 22 KV using step down transformers.
 The secondary transmission line forms the link between the
receiving end substation and the secondary station. It uses
3phase,3 wire system and the conductors used are called
feeders.

10
Distribution System
 The component of an electrical power system connecting all the
consumers in an area to the bulk power sources or transmission line
is called a distribution system.
 A distribution station distributes power to domestic, commercial and
relatively small consumers.
 Distribution transformers are normally installed on poles or on
plinth mounted or near the consumers
Primary Distribution
 At the secondary substations, the voltage is stepped down to 11
KV or 6.6 KV using step down transformers.
 The primary distributor forms the link between secondary substation
and distribution substation and the power is fed in to the primary
distribution system. It uses 3phase, 3 wire system.

11
Secondary Distribution
 At the distribution substation the voltage is stepped
down to 400V (for 3phase) or 230V (for 1 phase) using
step down transformers.
 The distribution lines are drawn along the roads and
service connections to the consumers are tapped off from
the distributors.
 It uses 3 phase, 4 wire system.
 Single phase loads are connected between one phase wire
and one neutral wire.

12
 Per-unit analysis
The per unit value of any quantity is defined as the ratio of the
actual value of the quantity to the base value expressed as
decimal.
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
 Per unit value= 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑘𝑉𝑏2
Base Impedance 𝑍𝑏 =
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏
2
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏 𝑘𝑉𝑏𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝑋𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 =𝑋 𝑝.𝑢 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛* *
𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑛 𝑒 𝑤 𝑏,𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑘𝑉 𝑏
𝑛𝑒𝑤
Per phase representation of various components
of a power system.
Impedance Diagram
 The impedance diagram on single phase basis under balanced
operating conditions can be drawn form the one line diagram.
Assumptions:
 Single phase transformers equivalents are shown as ideal
transformers with transformer impedance indicated on
appropriate side.
 Magnetizing reactance’s of the transformer have been
neglected.
 Generators are represented as voltage sources and with series
resistance and inductive reactance.
 The shunt capacitances are also neglected.
 Loads are represented by resistance and inductive reactance.
 Neutral grounding impedances are neglected.
Reactance Diagram
The reactance diagram can be obtained from impedance diagram
if we omit all static loads, all resistances, shunt branches
transformer and capacitance of transmission lines in
of
the
impedance diagram.
Sample system:
Impendence & Reactance Diagram
Examples
Obtain the per unit impedance and reactance diagram of the power system shown in fig.
(13)

G1: 30MVA, 10.5kV, X”=1.6

ohm G2: 15MVA, 6.6kV, X”=1.2
ohm G3: 25MVA, 6.6kV,
X’=0.56 ohm
T1: 15MVA, 33/11kV,
X=15.2Ω/phon H.T side.
T2: 15mva, 33/6.2kV, X=16Ω/ph on H.T
side. Transmission Line:20.5Ω/ph
Load A: 15MW, 11kV, 0.9p.f lagging
Load B: 6.2kV,
34MW+j20.07MVAR
SOLUTION:

Base MVAnew=30MVA Base KVnew=33kV

Transmission Line:

Actual impedance=j20.5Ω/ph.

P.u impedance=𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡 *MVA

2
b=
𝑗 20.5
*30=j0.565p.u
2
𝑘𝑉𝑏 33

Zp.u=j0.565p.u

Transformer T1(H.T Side)

Zp.u = 𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡 *MVA

2
b=
𝑗15 .2
*30=
2
j0.418p.u
𝑘𝑉𝑏 33

𝐿𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑇1
KVbnew(LT Side)= KVb(HT Side)×
𝐻𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑇1

Generator 1:(L.T Side) = 33× 1133= 11kV

Zp.u = 𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡 *MVA

2
b=
𝑗1.6
× 30=j0.397
2
p.u
𝑘𝑉 11
Load A:

P=15MW, 0.9 p.f lagging

S L =15 𝑐𝑜𝑠−1 0.9 = 13.5+j6.54MVA

2
𝑘𝑉 11 2
= 7.259+j3.52Ω
Actual impedance = Z L = 𝑏
∗
𝑆𝐿
= 13.5−𝑗 6 . 5 4

𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡 7 . 2 5 9 +𝑗 3 . 5 2
Zp . u = 𝑘𝑉𝑏 2*M VA b = 11 2 × 3 0 = 1.8+j0.87 p.u

Transformer T 2 (H.T Side):

𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑗1 6
Zp . u = 𝑘𝑉𝑏*M
2 VA b = 3 3×2 3 0 = j0.44 p.u

Generator 2:(L.T Side)

KV b n e w (LT Side)= KV b (HT Side)× 𝐿𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑇 1

= 33×
6.2 = 6.2kV
𝐻 𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑇 1 33

𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑗1 . 2
Zp . u = 𝑘𝑉𝑏*M
2 VA b = 6 . 2×2 30=j0.936
Generator 3

𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑗0.56
Zp . u = 𝑘 𝑉𝑏 2 * M VA b = 6.22 × 3 0 = j0.437 p.u

Load B:

2
𝑘𝑉 𝑘𝑉 2
Actual impedance = ZL = ∗
𝑆𝐿
𝑏
= 34−𝑗 2 0𝑏 . 0 7 = 0.838+j0.495

𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡 0 . 8 3 8 +𝑗 0 . 4 9 5
Zp . u = 𝑘 𝑉𝑏 2 * M VA b = = 6.62 × 3 0 =0.654+j0.386
The single line diagram of an unloaded power system shown in fig. alongwith
components data determine the new per unit values and draw the
reactance diagram. Assume 50MVA and 13.8kV as new base on
generator 1.

22
Solution:

Base MVA n e w =50MVA Base KV n e w =13.8kV

Reactance of G 1 :

𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑘𝑉𝑏𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 2

𝑋 𝑝 .𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 =𝑋 𝑝 .𝑢 * *
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 2
= j0.2× 50
× 1𝑀3 . 𝑉8 𝐴 𝑏=j0.5p.u
,𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑘 𝑉 𝑏 𝑛𝑒𝑤
20
13.8
Reactance of T 1 :(L.T Side)
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑘𝑉𝑏𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 2
𝑋 𝑝 .𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 =𝑋 𝑝 .𝑢 * *
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑀 𝑉 𝐴 𝑏 ,𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑘 𝑉 𝑏 𝑛𝑒𝑤
50 13.8 2
= j0.1× 25× 13=j0.2p.u
.8
Reactance of Transmission Line1:

KV b n e w (HT Side)= KV b (LT Side)× 𝐻 𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑇1

=13.8×
22 0
= 220kV
𝐿𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑇1 13.8

𝑗 80
𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡 ×50 = j0.0826p.u
Zp.u = 𝑘𝑉𝑏*MVA
2 b = 2202

Reactance of Transmission Line2:

𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑗 100
Z p.u = *MVAb = ×50 = j0.1033p.u
𝑘𝑉𝑏2 2202
Reactance of Transformer T 3 (H.T Side)

𝑀 𝑉 𝐴 𝑏 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑘𝑉𝑏𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 2
𝑋 𝑝 .𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 =𝑋 𝑝 .𝑢 * *
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 50 2𝑀 2
2 0𝑉 𝐴 𝑘𝑉
𝑏 ,𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏 𝑛𝑒𝑤
= j0.1× × =j0.1429 p.u
35
220
Reactance of Generator G 3 :

Generator is connected on LT side of transformer.

KV b n e w (LT Side)= KV b (HT Side)× 𝐿𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑇 1 = 220× 22 = 22kV
𝐻 𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑇 1 220

𝑀 𝑉 𝐴 𝑏 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑘𝑉𝑏𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 2
𝑋 𝑝. 𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 =𝑋 𝑝 .𝑢 * *
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 2
5 0 𝑀 𝑉 2𝐴0𝑏 ,𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑘𝑉
= j0.2× × =j0.2755𝑏 𝑛𝑒𝑤
p.u
30 22
Reactance of Transformer T 2 (H.T Side)

T 2 is a three phase transformer bank formed using three single phase transformer with
voltage rating 127/18kV. In this the HT side is star connected and LT side is delta connected.
𝟑×𝟏𝟐𝟕 𝟐𝟐𝟎
∴ Voltage ratio of line voltage of 3-phase transformer = = kV
𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟖

𝑋𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 =𝑋𝑝 .𝑢 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 *

𝑀 𝑉 𝐴 𝑏 𝑛𝑒𝑤
*
𝑘𝑉𝑏𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 2

𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏 𝑘 𝑉 𝑏 𝑛𝑒𝑤
=j0.2 2 = j0.2755 p.u ,𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
× 5 03 0× 222200
Reactance of Generator G3:

Generator is connected on LT side of transformer.

KVbnew(LT Side)= KVb(HT Side)× 𝐿𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑇1

= 220×
18 = 18 kV
𝐻𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑇1 220

𝑀 𝑉 𝐴 𝑏 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑘𝑉𝑏𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 2
𝑋𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 =𝑋𝑝 .𝑢 * *
2
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
= j0.2× 5 0 × 1𝑀8 𝑉 𝐴=𝑏 j0.333
,𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑘𝑉𝑏 𝑛𝑒𝑤
p.u
30 18
THANK YOU!!