Define: Choose the word from the left

• Phase • A homogeneous
part of a system in
• Condensed contact with other
phases parts of the
• Intermolecular system, but
separated from
forces these other parts
• Intramolecular by well-defined
forces boundaries.
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 Define: Choose the word from the left
• Condensed phases
• Phase
• Intramolecular forces
• and
Condensed
intermolecular
forces
phases forces Liquids and
• Intramolecular
• Intermolecular solids
forces
• Intramolecular
forces 2
 Define: Choose the word from the left
• Condensed phases
• Phase
• Intramolecular forces
• Condensed
and intermolecular • are attractive
forces
phases
• Intramolecular forces
forces between
molecules
• Intermolecular
forces
• Intramolecular
forces
3
 Define: Choose the word from the left
• Condensed phases
• Phase
• Intramolecular forces
• Condensed
and intermolecular • hold atoms
forces
phases
• Intramolecular forces
together in a
molecule
• Intermolecular
forces
• Intramolecular
forces
4
 Recall: Kinetic Molecular Theory
• All matter is made of tiny particles.
• These particles are in constant motion.
• The speed of particles is proportional to
temperature. Increased temperature means
greater speed.
• Solids, liquids, and gases differ in distances
between particles, in the freedom of motion of
particles,and in the extent to which the
particles interact.
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Recall: Molecular Geometry, Determining
Polarity, Bond Dipole, Dipole Moment
Cl2 NH3 CH3Br CH4

6
Recall: Molecular Geometry, Determining
Polarity, Bond Dipole, Dipole Moment
Cl2 NH3 CH3Br CH4

7
 Intermolecular

Mr. Shields Regents Chemistry U07 L01

8
 Forces of attraction
There exist between Molecules of
gases and liquids
Forces of attraction.

Some forces may be strong

other forces may be weak.

9
 Forces of attraction
It’s these forces of attraction that ultimately
determine how easy or difficult it is gases to
coalesce into Liquids and liquids to solidify
into solids.

These forces of attraction will, for example,

determine a liquids boiling point.
10
 Forces of Attraction
What are the forces of attraction we’re talking about?

For gases and liquids these forces are of two types:

intermolecular - between molecules

intramolecular - within the molecule

Intramolecular forces involve the formation of true

chemical bonds
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 Intermolecular Forces of Attraction
Intramolecular forces of attraction are much stronger
than intermolecular forces

- on the order of 30 – 400x stronger

Intermolecular forces of attraction are also known as

van der Waals forces

So how many types of intermolecular or van der

Waals forces of attraction exist?

Let’s take a look …

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 Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

There are three types of intermolecular

forces:
1. London Dispersion force
(sometimes called induced dipole force*)
2. Dipole-Dipole force
3. Hydrogen bond

NYS Regents also refers (incorrectly) to

induced dipole IMF as “Van Der Waal’s” 13
 Intermolecular Forces of Attraction
As we mentioned before Intermolecular forces are much
weaker than intramolecular (i.e. chemical bond) forces

And … Intermolecular forces also vary in strength from

one another:

Dispersion Weakest (<1 Kcal)

Dipole-dipole Stronger (2-5 Kcal)
Hydrogen bond The Strongest (12-16 Kcal)

(for comparison, a true covalent bond is about 400Kcal)

14
 Intermolecular Forces of Attraction
Intermolecular forces hold molecules
together in the Solid & Liquid phase &
Allow gases to condense on cooling.

They also prevent instantaneous

evaporation from occurring.

Strong Attractive forces between

molecules also make Vaporization
(L  G) phase changes more
difficult.
Why? 15
 1. Dispersion Forces
Dispersion forces, the weakest force, is sometimes
called LONDON Dispersion Forces or induced dipole
forces
- They result when there is a momentary shift in
electron density within the molecules electron cloud

???

Non-polar molecules Formation of

Temporary Dipoles

This intermolecular force is the predominant

intermolecular force for non-polar compounds16
Non-polar compounds are molecules that do
not have a permanent charge distribution
within the molecule.

How does this shift happen?

17
δ -δ+ δ -δ+ δ- δ+ δ -δ+
18
The larger the molecule the more easily δ charges develop19
 1. Dispersion Forces
As we said before Non-polar compounds are molecules
that do not have a permanent charge distribution within
The Molecule.

Molecules that have an even electron distribution

Are typically 1) single atoms, 2) molecules of the same
element, 3) hydrocarbons 4) symmetrical molecules

For example: Ne, Kr, H2, O2, N2, S8, C3H8, CCl4, CO2
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 Dispersion forces
Induced Dipole forces become stronger the larger the
Atom or Molecule.

- larger electron clouds are easier to deform

One might expect the boiling pt. of compounds to
be low for compounds that interact by this type of
force.
Why?
The minimal force holding these Molecules together
Allow them to move readily from the liquid
Phase into the gas phase. Or even from the solid phase
to gas phase - like I2
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 CH4 C8H18

Smaller molecule Larger molecule

22
 Dispersion forces
If Molecules have High BP’s they will have Low VP
(and conversely Low Bp’s mean High VP)

Since dispersion forces increase with increasing

Molecular weight the Trend for non-polar compounds is…
increasing BP with increasing MW .

(this trend is also true with melting pts/freezing pts; as

MW inc so does mp/fp)
Low MW Higher MW

Low BP Higher BP
Low dispersion force higher dispersion force

Let’s look at some bp data… 23

 Dispersion forces
Which member of each pair should have the higher
B.P. (and thus the stronger Induced dipole)

N 2 , O2
O2 – Higher MW B.P: O2 -183.0 C / N2 -195.6 C
larger molecule

Ne, Kr
Kr - Higher MW B.P: Kr -152.9 C / Ne -245.9 C
Larger Atom
F2, Cl2
Cl2 – Higher MW B.P: Cl2 -34.6 C / F2 -187 C
Larger Molecule
C3H8 (propane), C4H10 (butane)
Butane (larger) B.P: C4H10 -0.5 C / C3H8 -42.1 C
M.P: -134.4 C -187.7 C 24
 2. Dipole- Dipole Forces
Molecules that have permanent dipoles are said to be
Polar.

What does it mean to be a polar molecule?

One area is always positive and another part of the

Molecule is always negative

An example of a
Polar molecule is HCl

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Dipole-Dipole Forces
Dipole- Dipole forces are stronger than London
dispersion forces (<1 Kcal vs. 2-5 Kcal)

- In this intermolecular force

Dipoles are always present
as opposed to constantly
forming and reforming
dipoles in weaker Dispersion
force molecules

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 Hydrogen Bond Forces
The hydrogen bond is a special form of the
Dipole-Dipole force, its not really a true chemical bond.

- It is the strongest intermolecular force

- much stronger than either Dipole-Dipole
Or Dispersion forces.

However It can ONLY exist when a Hydrogen atom

is present in the molecule AND it’s bonded to …

- Either a N, O, or F atom also present in the

same molecule.

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 3. Hydrogen bonds
In all compounds that form H-bonds the
Hydrogen atom is ALWAYS the Positive Dipole.

O, F, or N is ALWAYS the negative

Dipole

As one molecule approaches

another the positive Hydrogen +
aligns with the negative O, F, or N.

-
H F
+ - 28
 3. Hydrogen bonds
All Hydrogen bonds are stronger than either
Dispersion or dipole-dipole interactions.

However, among molecules with

Hydrogen bonds there are some that
Are stronger than others.

How do we determine what H-bonds

Are the strongest?

Strength of H-bond: F>O>>N

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 3. The Hydrogen Bond
Examples of compounds that can form H-bonds are:

Water, Methyl or Ethyl Alcohol, HF, NH3

30
 Water Alignment during formation of the
H-Bond

Positive aligns to negative

Water molecules in ice align to form a repeating hexagon

31
 Hydrogen Bonds
Compounds that form Hydrogen bonds take a lot
more energy to move molecules from the liquid phase
Into the gas phase.

Molecules of similar molecular weight without the

Ability to form H-bonds have higher vapor pressures
And thus lower B.P.
Compound Molar Mass B.P. deg C
H-bond H 20 18 + 100
H-bond NH3 17 - 33

Non-polar CH4 16 - 164

32
 These compounds form H-Bonds

B.P

-75

Theoretical B.P dec. MW

Of Water

If F forms stronger H bonds than O why is the BP of

Water higher than HF? (Hint: Consider the Mol. Structure)
33