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3 DNA and RNA

Here are some examples of beneficial mutations and how organisms benefit from them: - Lactose tolerance - A mutation allowed some human populations to continue digesting lactose as adults, benefiting populations that relied on dairy. - Sickle cell trait - Having one copy of the sickle cell gene provides resistance to malaria, as the red blood cells do not rupture as easily. This balances the negative effects of having two copies. - Antibiotic resistance - Bacteria can acquire mutations that make them resistant to antibiotics through natural selection, allowing them to survive treatment. While this poses problems, it also demonstrates how mutations can increase fitness in some environments. In summary, while most mutations are harmful or neutral, on rare occasions

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36 views34 pages

3 DNA and RNA

Here are some examples of beneficial mutations and how organisms benefit from them: - Lactose tolerance - A mutation allowed some human populations to continue digesting lactose as adults, benefiting populations that relied on dairy. - Sickle cell trait - Having one copy of the sickle cell gene provides resistance to malaria, as the red blood cells do not rupture as easily. This balances the negative effects of having two copies. - Antibiotic resistance - Bacteria can acquire mutations that make them resistant to antibiotics through natural selection, allowing them to survive treatment. While this poses problems, it also demonstrates how mutations can increase fitness in some environments. In summary, while most mutations are harmful or neutral, on rare occasions

Uploaded by

jessicakylaalvarez
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DNA and

RNA
BREAK THE CODE!
Directions: Study the codes inside the table and identify the
phrase emphasized below.
1=A 2=F 3=J 4=I 5=G 6=L 7=P 8=N 9=R 10=T
11=B 12=K 13 14=D 15=M 16=E 17=O 18=Q 19=H 20=S
21=V 22=C 23=U 24=X 25=W 26=Y 27=Z 28= <space>

14 8 1 28 1 20 28 5 16 8 16 10 4 22 28 15 1 10 16 9 4 1 6
The Structure of DNA
• The series of experiments after
Alfred Hershey and Martha
Chase focused on the structure
of DNA and what it looked like.
• They concluded that protein
was not genetic material, and
that DNA was genetic
material
The Structure of DNA
• Several scientists laid the foundation
before James Watson and Francis Crick
unveiled the structure of DNA in 1950.
• in DNA, form is function: the double-
stranded molecule could both exact copies
of itself and carry genetic instructions
(double helix)
Levene's Nucleotides
• American biochemist Phoebus Levene analyzed
the components of DNA in 1920
• He established the fact that DNA is composed of
four nitrogenous bases (cytosine, guanine,
adenine, and thymine), a deoxyribose sugar,
and a phosphate group
Levene's Nucleotides
•building block of DNA known as a nucleotide,
which consists of a base attached to a sugar,
and a phosphate molecule.
•However, he was not able to establish the
correct proportions of the bases, which he
assumed at the time to be equal.
Chargaff Rules
• Austrian biochemist Erwin Chargaff analyzed
the proportion of the nitrogenous bases in the
DNA of various species, in late 1940s.
• each species has a unique percentages of each
type of nucleotide
Chargaff Rules
• The total of nitrogenous bases in a
human cell, for example, is 31
percent adenine, 31 percent
thymine, 19 percent guanine, and 19
percent cytosine
• the amount of adenine (A) is always
equal to the amount of thymine (T),
and the amount of guanine (G) is
always equal to the amount of
cytosine (C)
Chargaff Rules for the pairing of
nitrogenous bases:
1.DNA contains A, T, G, and C in
proportions that vary from species to
species.
2.Within the species, the amount of base
pairs are equal- that is, A= T and G=C.
GENE
• is a segment of
deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) that serves as the
"operating code" for a trait
• Geneticists know that DNA
stores information,
replicates, and undergoes Figure 1. A DNA resembles a winding staircase

mutation.
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
• DNA is found within the nucleus of every cell
• Bacterial cells without nucleus also contain
DNA suspended in cytoplasm in the nucleoid
region
• This genetic material holds the information
necessary to make and control all cellular
activities within an organism.
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
• According to Watson and Crick's model, the
DNA molecule resembles a winding staircase
• The two sugar-phosphate backbones make up
the sides and the base pairs comprise the
rungs or steps of the winding staircase.
• Complementary Base Pairing - The paired
nucleotides, which always occur as G-C or A-T,
are linked by hydrogen bonds
How DNA Replicates
• DNA replication – a process that genetic
information is copied precisely
- The Watson and Crick model explains how this
process takes place.
- The two strands of the double helix complement
each other: the sequence of the bases from one
strand will determine the bases of the other.
How DNA Replicates
• For example, if the DNA of one strand has
AATCCGTAG as its bases the sequence of the other
strand is TTAGGCATC, if the two strands of the DNA
molecule were separated, each strand will expose
all the information necessary to construct two
identical strands.
How DNA Replicates
• The Watson and Crick model for DNA
replication is known as semiconservative
replication, because one of the old strand is
conserved in each daughter molecule.

Figure 2. How DNA replication takes place


DNA and RNA
• Like DNA, ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a long
chain made up of building blocks called
nucleotides
• Deoxyribose - sugar molecule found in DNA
• Ribose - the sugar molecule in RNA
DNA and RNA
• RNA also contains adenine, guanine, and
cytosine, but instead of thymine (T), its fourth
base is uracil (U)
• RNA has a single chain strand and does not
entwine in a double helix
The following are the three types of RNA and their
functions:
1.Messenger RNA, or mRNA, carries a copy of the message
transcribed from the DNA out of the nucleus and into the
cytoplasm.
2. Transfer RNA, or tRNA, transports individual amino acids to the
sites of protein synthesis, the ribosomes.
3. Ribosomal RNA, or rRNA, along with proteins, makes up the
ribosomes. It holds mRNA and tRNA molecules in just the right
position to make polypeptides during protein synthesis.
Table below shows how DNA compares with RNA
Comparison between DNA and RNA
Parts/Components DNA RNA
Bases A, T, C, G A, U, C, G
Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose
Strand/s Double Single
Helix Helical Non-helical
Mutation
• Genes control the characteristics or traits that
you inherit
• If a change happens in the gene or
chromosomes, the trait will correspondingly
be altered too.
• A permanent change in gene or chromosome
of a cell is called mutation
Point Mutation
• is a mutation that exchanges one
nucleotide for another
• The mutation may involve a single
nucleotide or a larger section of DNA. If
the change happens in any of the body
cell, the change may not be life-
threatening
Point Mutation
•if the change takes place in either the
sperm or egg cell, the daughter cells
from the division of these parent sex
cells will altogether be affected by the
change and will be passed on to its
future offspring
Point Mutation
•While the mutation is harmful,
some are not. However in extreme
cases, mutation can cause death.
QUIZ TIME!
1.Split DNA strand
A T A T C G G A G T A C G T G C T A (old strand)
T _ _ ­_ _ ­_ C ­_ _ ­_ _ ­_ _ ­_ _ ­_ _ T (new strand)
QUIZ TIME!
2. Split DNA strand-
C T A C C A A A G T C C T T G C C T (old strand)
_ _ _ ­_ _ ­_ _ ­_ _ ­_ _ ­_ _ ­_ _ ­_ _ _ (new strand)
QUIZ TIME!
Complete the strands of DNA below.
3.
QUIZ TIME!
Complete the strands of DNA below.
4.
QUIZ TIME!
Write out the complementary strands of DNA for the
sequences below.
QUIZ TIME!
3. Most of the time, mutation can cause diseases and
disorders to organisms. Some of these diseases are
down syndrome, sickle cell anemia, and physical
deformities. However, not all mutations are harmful
to an organism. Cite examples of helpful mutations
and how we get benefits from these alterations of
traits.

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