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Unit 2 PT 3 Int Techniques Part 1

This document discusses integration techniques, specifically substitution and the chain rule in reverse. It provides examples of using substitution to evaluate both definite and indefinite integrals. It also discusses how symmetry can be used to evaluate definite integrals, stating that if a function is even over an interval, the integral is twice the integral from 0 to a, and if it is odd, the integral is 0.

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19 views11 pages

Unit 2 PT 3 Int Techniques Part 1

This document discusses integration techniques, specifically substitution and the chain rule in reverse. It provides examples of using substitution to evaluate both definite and indefinite integrals. It also discusses how symmetry can be used to evaluate definite integrals, stating that if a function is even over an interval, the integral is twice the integral from 0 to a, and if it is odd, the integral is 0.

Uploaded by

sprinklesdb16
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WTW 164

Unit 2.3: Integration techniques


(part 1)
Dr HR (Maya) Thackeray
<[email protected]>
Substitution: The Chain Rule in reverse
Let the derivative of F be f.
• If we differentiate F(g(x)), by the Chain Rule we get f(g(x)) g’(x).
• Therefore, we have = F(g(x)) + C.
(To integrate (function of a function) times the derivative of the inside,
use the Chain Rule in reverse: integrate the outside function, and
ignore the extra factor of the derivative of the inside.)
The Substitution Rule
We can write that in another way.
• Let the variable u be g(x), and write du = g’(x) dx.
(If u = g(x), then differentiating gives du/dx = g’(x).)
• The integral becomes .
• Since F’ = f, the integral is F(u) + C, that is, F(g(x)) + C.
The equation
=
is called the Substitution Rule.
Example: The Substitution Rule
Find .
Solution. The derivative of 1 + x2 is 2x, which appears in the integral.
Substitute u = 1 + x2. We have du = 2x dx; the integral becomes
= + C = (1 + x2)3/2 + C.
Questions: Substitution
• Determine .
Solution. Let u = x4 + 2. We have du = 4x3 dx, so the integral is
= sin u + C = sin(x4 + 2) + C.
• Determine .
Solution. Let u = . We have du = (2x + 1)–1/2 dx, so u du = dx, so the integral is
= u3/3 + C = (2x + 1)3/2/3 + C.
• Determine .
Solution. Let u = 1 + x2. We have du = 2x dx and x2 = u – 1, so the integral is
= =
= u9/2 – u7/2 + u5/2 – u3/2 + C = (1 + x2)9/2 – (1 + x2)7/2 + (1 + x2)5/2 – (1 + x2)3/2 + C.
Substitution for definite integrals
• Suppose we have the integral .
• An antiderivative of the expression inside the integral is F(g(x))
(by the Chain Rule in reverse).
• By FTC2, the integral is
F(g(x)) = F(g(b)) – F(g(a)).
The Substitution Rule for definite integrals
• Start again with the integral .
(This is . We are integrating a function of x.)
• Let us substitute u = g(x) and du = g’(x) dx.
• The Substitution Rule for definite integrals is
=.
(The last integral is . We are integrating a function of u. Note how the
limits of integration change.)
• By FTC2, we have = = F(g(b)) – F(g(a)).
Example: Substitution for a definite integral
Find .
Solution. Substitute u = 2x + 1 and du = 2 dx.
If x = 0 then u = 2(0) + 1 = 1; if x = 12 then u = 2(12) + 1 = 25.
The integral becomes = = – = – = .
(This time, after the substitution, x is never mentioned again; we just
work in terms of the new variable u.)
Questions: Substitution for definite integrals
• Determine .
Solution. Let u = ln x; we have du = dx, so the integral is = = – 0 = .
• Determine .
Solution. Let u = 3 – 4x; we have du = –4 dx, so the integral is =
= = =.
• Determine .
Solution. We have tan x = (sin x)/(cos x). Let u = cos x; we have du = –
sin x dx, so
the integral is – = = = ln 1 – ln(1/2) = ln 2.
Symmetry
Suppose the function f is defined on the interval [–a,a].
• The function f is even if f(–x) = f(x) for all x in [–a,a].
• The function f is odd if f(–x) = –f(x) for all x in [–a,a].

Suppose f is continuous on [–a,a].


• If f is even, then = 2.
• If f is odd, then = 0.
Examples: Symmetry
• The function f(x) = x4 + x2 is even, so
=2=2=2=.
• The function f(x) = 2x3 – x + sin x is odd, so
= 0.

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