Lecture Presentation

Chapter 3

Chemical Reactions
and Reaction
Stoichiometry

James F. Kirby
Quinnipiac University
Hamden, CT
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Stoichiometry
• The study of the mass relationships in
chemistry
• Based on the Law of Conservation of
Mass (Antoine Lavoisier, 1789)
“We may lay it down as an
incontestable axiom that, in all the
operations of art and nature, nothing
is created; an equal amount of matter
exists both before and after the
experiment. Upon this principle, the
whole art of performing chemical
experiments depends.”
—Antoine Lavoisier

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 Chemical Equations

Chemical equations are concise

representations of chemical reactions.

Stoichiometry

Figure 3.2 A balanced chemical equation

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 What Is in a Chemical Equation?
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Reactants appear on the left

side of the equation.
Stoichiometry

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 What Is in a Chemical Equation?
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Products appear on the right

side of the equation.
Stoichiometry

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 What Is in a Chemical Equation?
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

The states of the reactants and products are written

in parentheses to the right of each compound.
(g) = gas; (l) = liquid; (s) = solid;
(aq) = in aqueous solution Stoichiometry

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 What Is in a Chemical Equation?
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Coefficients are inserted to balance the equation to follow the law of

conservation of mass.

Stoichiometry

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 Why Do We Add Coefficients Instead of
Changing Subscripts to Balance?

• Hydrogen and oxygen can make water

OR hydrogen peroxide:
 2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(l)
 H2(g) + O2(g) → H2O2(l)

Stoichiometry

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 Balancing the equation
• balance the equation by determining the coefficients that provide
equal numbers of each type of atom on both sides of the equation.
• For most purposes, a balanced equation should contain the smallest
possible whole-number coefficients

Stoichiometry

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 Three Types of Reactions

• Combination reactions
• Decomposition reactions
• Combustion reactions

Stoichiometry

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 Combination Reactions
• In combination
reactions two or
more substances
react to form one
product.

• Examples:
– 2 Mg(s) + O2(g) 2 MgO(s)
– N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g)
– C3H6(g) + Br2(l) C3H6Br2(l) Stoichiometry

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 Decomposition Reactions

• In a decomposition
reaction one
substance breaks
down into two or
more substances.

• Examples:
– CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
– 2 KClO3(s) 2 KCl(s) + O2(g)
– 2 NaN3(s) 2 Na(s) + 3 N2(g) Stoichiometry

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 Combustion Reactions

• Combustion reactions
are generally rapid
reactions that produce
a flame.
• Combustion reactions
most often involve
oxygen in the air as a
reactant.

• Examples:
– CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
– C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g) Stoichiometry

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Sample
Ex. 3.4

Stoichiometry

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 Formula Weight
• A formula weight is the sum of the atomic
weights for the atoms in a chemical formula. The
chemical formula can be called as a formula unit.
• This is the quantitative significance of a formula.
• The formula weight of calcium chloride, CaCl2,
would be
Ca: 1(40.08 amu)
+ Cl: 2(35.453 amu)
110.99 amu

Stoichiometry

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 Molecular Weight

• A molecular weight is the sum of the atomic

weight of the atoms in a molecule.
• For the molecule ethane, C2H6, the
molecular weight would be
C: 2(12.011 amu)
+ H: 6(1.00794 amu)
30.070 amu

The name ‘formula weight’ may be used in place of

molecular weight.
Stoichiometry

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 Ionic Compounds and Formulas
• Ionic compounds exist with a three-
dimensional order of ions. There is no
simple group of atoms to call a molecule.
• As such, ionic compounds use empirical
formulas and formula weight (not
molecular weight).

Stoichiometry

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 Stoichiometry

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 Percent Composition from Chemical
Formulas
The percentage of the weight of an element
in a compound is calculated by using this
equation:

(number of atoms)(atomic weight)

% Composition of Element = × 100
(formula weight of the compound)

Stoichiometry

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Sample C2H6
Ex. 3.6

Stoichiometry

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Pr. Ex.
3.6/2
(K: 39.1 amu; Pt:195.1 amu; Cl:35.5 amu)

Stoichiometry

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 Avogadro’s Number

• In a lab, we cannot work with individual molecules. They

are too small.
• In chemistry the counting unit for numbers of atoms, ions,
or molecules in a laboratory-size sample is the mole,
abbreviated mol.
• One mole is the amount of matter that contains as many
objects (atoms, molecules…) as the number of atoms in
exactly 12 g of isotopically pure 12C.
• From experiments, 6.02214129 x 1023, (round to 6.02
x1023). Avogadro’s number, NA , and it is often cited with
units of reciprocal moles, 6.02 x 1023 mol-1.

Stoichiometry

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Sample
Ex. 3.8

Stoichiometry

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Pr. Ex. 3.8/2 How many oxygen atoms are in a) 0.250 mol Ca(NO3)2

Stoichiometry

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 Molar Mass
• A molar mass is the mass of
1 mol of a substance (i.e., g/mol).
• The molar mass of an element is the
atomic weight for the element from the
periodic table. If it is diatomic, it is twice
that atomic weight.

• The molar mass (in g/mol) will be the

same number as the formula weight (in
amu’s)

Stoichiometry

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 Using Moles

Moles provide a bridge from the molecular

scale (formula unit) to the real-world
(mass in grams) scale.

Stoichiometry

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Pr. Ex. 3.11/1b What is the mass of 3.00 x 10-5 mol of H2SO4?
(H: 1.0 g/mol; S: 32.0 g/mol O: 16.0 g/mol)

Stoichiometry

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 Mole Relationships

• One mole of atoms, ions, or molecules contains

Avogadro’s number of those particles.
• One mole of molecules or formula units contains
Avogadro’s number of molecules or formula units.
Stoichiometry

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Pr. Ex. 3.12/2 b)How many O atoms are in 4.20 g of HNO3
sample?

Stoichiometry

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 Determining Empirical Formulas
Empirical formula

One can determine the empirical formula from the

percent composition by following these three steps.
Stoichiometry

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 Determining Empirical Formulas—
an Example
The compound para-aminobenzoic acid (you may have seen it
listed as PABA on your bottle of sunscreen) is composed of
carbon (61.31%), hydrogen (5.14%), nitrogen (10.21%), and
oxygen (23.33%). Find the empirical formula of PABA.

Stoichiometry

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 Determining Empirical Formulas—
an Example

Step 1: Assume 100.00 g of sample (para-aminobenzoic acid)

and find the mass of the each element

61.31% carbon 61.31 g C

5.14% hydrogen 5.14 g H
10.21% nitrogen 10.21 g N
23.33% oxygen 23.33 g O

Stoichiometry

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 Determining Empirical Formulas—
an Example

Step 2: Calculate the moles of each element in the

sample

?moles C: 61.31 g × 1 mol = 5.105 mol C

12.01 g
1 mol
?moles H: 5.14 g × = 5.09 mol H
1.01 g
1 mol
?moles N: 10.21 g × = 0.7288 mol N
14.01 g
1 mol
?moles O: 23.33 g × = 1.456 mol O
16.00 g

Stoichiometry

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 Determining Empirical Formulas—
an Example
Step 3: Calculate the mole ratio by dividing by the smallest
number of moles :
5.105 mol
C: = 7.005 ≈ 7
0.7288 mol

H: 5.09 mol = 6.984 ≈ 7

0.7288 mol

N: 0.7288 mol = 1.000

0.7288 mol

O: 1.458 mol = 2.001 ≈ 2

0.7288 mol Stoichiometry

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 Determining Empirical Formulas—
an Example

Step 4: Determine the empirical formula by using

relative numbers of each element. These are the
subscripts for the empirical formula:

C7H7NO2

Stoichiometry

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Ex: A compound is made of 39.56 %C, 7.74 %H and 52.70 %O.
Determine its empirical formula. (C:12.01 g/mol; H:1.008 g/mol;
O: 16.00 g/mol)

Stoichiometry

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 Determining a Molecular Formula
• Remember, the number of atoms in a molecular
formula is a multiple of the number of atoms in an
empirical formula.

• If we find the empirical formula and know a molar

mass (molecular mass) for the compound, we can
find the molecular formula.

Stoichiometry

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 Determining a Molecular Formula—
an Example
• The empirical formula of a compound was found
to be CH. It has a molar mass of 78.114 g/mol.
What is its molecular formula?

• Solution:
Whole-number multiple=78.114/13.019=6
The molecular formula is (CH)6 C6H6.

Stoichiometry

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Pr. Ex. 3.14/1 Cyclohexane is 85.6% C and 14.4% H by mass
with a molar mass of 84.2 g/mol. What is its molecular formula?
(C:12.01 g/mol; H: 1.008 g/mol)

Stoichiometry

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 Combustion Analysis

• Compounds containing C, H, and O are routinely analyzed

through combustion in a chamber like the one shown in
Figure.
– C is determined from the mass of CO2 produced.
– H is determined from the mass of H2O produced.
– O is determined by the difference after C and H have been determined.

Stoichiometry

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• Pr. Ex. 3.15/2) Combustion of a 0.225 g sample of a compound, made of C,
H and O atoms, produces 0.512 g CO2 and 0.209 g H2O. What is the
empirical formula? What is its molecular formula if it has a molar mass of
116 g/mol? (C: 12.0 g/mol; H:1.01 g/mol; O:16.0 g/mol)

Stoichiometry

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 Quantitative Relationships

• The coefficients in the balanced equation show

 relative numbers of molecules of reactants and products.
 relative numbers of moles of reactants and products,Stoichiometry
which can be converted to mass.
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 Stoichiometric Calculations

We have already seen in this chapter how to

convert from grams to moles or moles to
grams. The NEW calculation is how to
compare two DIFFERENT materials, using
the MOLE RATIO from the balanced
equation!
Stoichiometry

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An Example of a Stoichiometric Calculation

• How many grams of water can be

produced from 1.00 g of glucose?
C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g) → 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)

• There is 1.00 g of glucose to start.

• The first step is to convert it to moles. Stoichiometry
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An Example of a Stoichiometric Calculation

• The NEW calculation is to convert

moles of one substance in the equation
to moles of another substance.
• The MOLE RATIO comes from the
balanced equation.
Stoichiometry

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An Example of a Stoichiometric Calculation

• Moles of the substance can be

converted to mass by using the molar
mass of the substance.

Stoichiometry

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Pr. Ex. 3.16/2 How many grams of O2 can be prepared from 4.50 g of KClO3?
(O2:32.0 g/mol; KClO3:122.5 g/mol)
2KClO3(s) → 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

Stoichiometry

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 Limiting Reactants
• The limiting reactant is the reactant present in the smallest
stoichiometric amount. (In other words, it’s the reactant you’ll run out of
first (in this case, the H2)

• In the example below, the O2 would be the excess reagent.

Stoichiometry

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 Limiting Reactants
• The limiting reactant is used in all stoichiometry
calculations to determine amounts of products
and amounts of any other reactant(s) used in a
reaction.

Stoichiometry

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 Limiting Reactants

Stoichiometry

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Pr. Ex. 3.18/2 (a) When 1.50 mol of Al and 3.00 mol of Cl2 combine in the
reaction; which is the limiting reactant?
2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g) → 2AlCl3(s)
(b) How many moles of AlCl3 are formed?
(c) How many moles of the excess reactant remain at the end of the reaction?

Stoichiometry

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Pr. Ex. 3.19/2 When a 2.00 g strip of zinc metal is placed in an aqueous solution
containing 2.50 g of silver nitrate, the reaction is: (Zn: 65.4 g/mol; Ag:107.87
g/mol; Zn(NO3)2:189.36 g/mol; AgNO3:169.87 g/mol)
Zn(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → 2Ag(s) + Zn(NO3)2(aq)
(a) Which reactant is limiting?
(b) How many grams of Ag form?
(c) How many grams of Zn(NO3)2 form?
(d) How many grams of the excess reactant are left at the end of the reaction?

Stoichiometry

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 Theoretical Yield

• The theoretical yield is the maximum

amount of product that can be made.
– In other words, it’s the amount of product
possible as calculated through the
stoichiometry problem.
• This is different from the actual yield
(experimental), which is the amount one
actually produces and measures.
Stoichiometry

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 Percent Yield

One finds the percent yield by

comparing the amount actually obtained
(actual yield) to the amount it was
possible to make (theoretical yield):

Stoichiometry

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Pr. Ex. 3.20/1 If 3.00 g of Ti metal is reacted with 6.00 g of Cl2 gas to form 7.7 g
TiCl4 in a combination reaction, what is the percent yield of the product? (Ti:
47.867 g/mol; Cl2: 70.906 g/mol;TiCl4:189.679 g/mol)
Ti(s) + 2Cl2(g)  TiCl4(s)

Stoichiometry

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 PROBLEMS
• Pr. Ex. 3.2/2

• Pr. Ex. 3.3/2)

• Write a balanced equation for (a) solid mercury (II) sulfide decomposing into
its component elements when heated and (b) aluminum metal combining
with oxygen in the air

• Pr. Ex. 3.4/2) Write the balanced equation for the reaction that occurs when
ethanol, C2H5OH (l), burns in air.

• Pr. Ex. 3.5/2) Calculate the formula weight of (a) Al(OH)3, (b) CH3OH, and
(c) TaON
Stoichiometry

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• Pr. Ex. 3.6/2) Calculate the percentage of potassium, by mass, in K2PtCl6.

• Pr. Ex. 3.7/2) Without using a calculator, arrange these samples in order
of increasing numbers of O atoms: 1 mol H2O, 1 mol CO2, 3 x1023
molecules of O3.

Pr. Ex. 3.8/2) How many oxygen atoms are in a) 0.250 mol Ca(NO 3)2 and
b) 1.50 mol of sodium carbonate?

• Pr. Ex. 3.9/2) Calculate the molar mass of Ca(NO3)2.

• Pr. Ex. 3.10/2) How many moles of water are in 1.00 L of water, whose
density is 1.00 g/mL?

• Pr. Ex. 3.11/1b) What is the mass of 3.00 x 10-5 mol of H2SO4?

• Pr. Ex. 3.11/2) What is the mass, in grams, of (a) 0.50 mol of diamond (C)
and (b) 0.155 mol of ammonium chloride?
Stoichiometry

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• Pr. Ex. 3.12/2) a) How many nitric acid molecules are in
4.20 g of HNO3 b)How many O atoms are in this sample?
•
Pr. Ex. 3.13/2) A 5.325-g sample of methyl benzoate, a
compound used in the manufacture of perfumes,
contains 3.758 g of carbon, 0.316 g of hydrogen, and
1.251 g of oxygen. What is the empirical formula of this
substance?
•
Ex: A compound is made of 39.56 %C, 7.74 %H and
52.70 %O. Determine its empirical formula.

• Pr. Ex. 3.14/1) Cyclohexane is 85.6% C and 14.4% H by

mass with a molar mass of 84.2 g/mol. What is its
molecular formula? Stoichiometry

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• Pr. Ex. 3.14/2) Ethylene glycol, used in automobile antifreeze, is 38.7%
C, 9.7% H, and 51.6% O by mass. Its molar mass is 62.1 g/mol. (a)
What is the empirical formula of ethylene glycol? (b) What is its
molecular formula?

• Pr. Ex. 3.15/2) Combustion of a 0.225 g sample of a compound, made

of C, H and O atoms, produces 0.512 g CO2 and 0.209 g H2O. What is
the empirical formula? What is its molecular formula if it has a molar
mass of 116 g/mol?
•
Pr. Ex. 3.16/2) How many grams of O2 can be prepared from 4.50 g of
KClO3?
2KClO3(s) → 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
•
Pr. Ex. 3.17/2) Methanol, CH3OH, reacts with oxygen from air in a
combustion reaction to form water and carbon dioxide. What mass of
water is produced in the combustion of 23.6 g of methanol?
Stoichiometry

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Pr. Ex. 3.18/2) (a) When 1.50 mol of Al and 3.00 mol of Cl2 combine in the
reaction; which is the limiting reactant?
2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g) → 2AlCl3(s)
(b) How many moles of AlCl3 are formed?
(c) How many moles of the excess reactant remain at the end of the
reaction?

Pr. Ex. 3.19/2) When a 2.00 g strip of zinc metal is placed in an aqueous
solution containing 2.50 g of silver nitrate, the reaction is:
Zn(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → 2Ag(s) + Zn(NO3)2(aq)
(a) Which reactant is limiting?
(b) How many grams of Ag form?
(c) How many grams of Zn(NO3)2 form?
(d) How many grams of the excess reactant are left at the end of the
reaction?

Stoichiometry

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Pr. Ex. 3.20/1) If 3.00 g of Ti metal is reacted with 6.00 g of Cl2
gas to form 7.7 g TiCl4 in a combination reaction, what is the
percent yield of the product?

Ti(s) + 2Cl2(g)  TiCl4(s)

Pr. Ex. 3.20/2)

END OF THE CHAPTER EXERCISES:

Chapter 3: 7, 21, 25, 31, 35, 37, 41, 47, 49, 51, 53, 61, 63, 67,
Stoichiometry
75, 77, 78, 79, 83, 85, 88, 91, 95, 96, 97, 99
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