CPCCCA3009

Construct advanced roofs

Presentation
Introduction

A structural framework
made up of timbers and
Generally, if a roof is having
used to bridge the space
a slope of more than 1:12, it
top of the room and
is called a advanced roof.
provide assistant to a roof is
called a timber roof truss.
Roof
components
CHAPTER 1: PLAN AND PREPARE
1.1 Read and interpret work instructions and plan sequence of work

• You have to be clear about what type of work you will be doing in the given
project.
• Everything should be written down before actual work is carried out, which
includes the required procedure and equipment that will be used in the
construction of timber roofs.
Details The site

required to The Weather

be in hand
before Traffic
starting the
work Hazards
 Oral or written and graphical instructions

Signposts

Ways to get
Work schedules/plans/specifications
Work
instructions Work-related
journals/newsletter/advertisements
Charts and hand drawings
Understan Make the right decisions for
each work activity/solution.
ding the
compliance Distinguish the steps that are
documents given in the given situation.

will enable Determine expectations.

you to:
1.2 Plan all work to comply with laws and regulations, the National
Construction Code (NCC), Australian Standards, work health and safety
(WHS) and environmental requirements, manufacturers’ specifications,
workplace requirements, drawings and specifications.

• Before initiating the construction of a timber advanced roof, you need to

make sure that you have accessed, interpreted and applied all
documentation for the job.
• This will help you do your work safely and make sure all work is compliant.
WHS Laws

• Acts: These are laws that you have to follow.

• Regulations: These explain what the law means
• Codes of Practice: These are instructions on how to follow the law, based
on industry standards.
• Australian Standards: These tell you what the minimum requirement is for
a job, product or hazard.
Work • A Safe Work Method Statement (SWMS) is a
document that outlines the high-risk construction
Method work activities to be carried out at a workplace, the
hazards that may arise from these activities, and the
Statement measures to put in place to control the risks.
Safety Data • A Safety Data Sheet (SDS) is a
document that provides health and
Sheet safety information about products,
substances or chemicals that are
classified as hazardous substances or
dangerous goods. If you buy one of
these products, it should come with an
SDS.
Job Safety and Environmental Analysis
(JSEA)

• A Job Safety and Environmental Analysis (JSEA) is a written document that

outlines the high-risk work activities that will be performed at a workplace
and the hazards and risks that these activities will entail and the controls
that will be implemented to mitigate the risks.
Common environmental hazards

Inefficient
Blocking creeks Release of
resource use –
or waterways Emissions to air
wasting water

Disposal or
Fire from engine
Fire Transport of
exhaust
Wastes from site
Person conducting a business undertaking
(PCBU)

The PCBU must:

• Ensure that a safe workplace is provided to the employees and others.
• Ensure that the workers are trained and are familiar with the job tasks to
be completed.
• Eliminate or minimise risks.
Types of Building Plan Drawings

• Site plan
• Roof plan
• Cross section
• Elevation
 AS 1684 Residential Timber Framed
Construction is a four-part Australian
Standard that covers design criteria,
building practices, tie-downs, bracing and
span-tables for timber framing members.
Australian
standard
It is also called Timber Framing Code.
Environmenta • Many companies in the construction
industry implement and maintain
l Management Environmental Management systems
following the requirements of AS/NZ
System. ISO 14001 (International Standard
Quality Assurance for the
Environment).
These provide guidelines specific to:
• Organisation’s environmental policy
• Environmental management plan.
Confirming
work • Speaking together with your Supervisor or other
requirement personnel involved within the planning process.

s are often • Gaining knowledge of and becoming conversant in

the documents commonly found on a worksite.
achieved
through:
1.3 Select tools and equipment, check for
serviceability and report any faults

• Before choosing the tools, inspecting them properly to ensure safety and
avoid any unnecessary risks.
• If you find any fault in the tools or equipment, you should use a lockout
tag, discuss the Supervisor’s fault, and prepare a fault report.
Basic tools and equipment used for
constructing roof

• Air compressors and hoses

• Air guns and fasteners
• Power tools
• Hand tools
• Digging tools and wheelbarrows
• Concrete mixer
When
selecting
tools and • Availability of tools or equipment
equipment, • Application of tools or equipment
• Suitability of tools or equipment
you should
consider the
following:
 Air
compressors
and hoses

• It is a powerful tool used to

provide pressure in some
tools such as jackhammers,
wrenches and grinders etc.
• In addition to this, it is also
used in handling and lifting
operations.
Spirit level and
squares

• Spirit level is used to check the

level of the components of a
advanced roof, while squares are
used to check corners of the roof.
String line

• A string line is used for

creating a straight line
between two reference
points. It is a type of hand
tool.
Power drills

• Power dill is the electrical-

based tool used to make
holes in the components of a
advanced roof to fasten
screw in it.
1.4 Select and use personal protective
equipment (PPE) for each part of the task

• Personal protective equipment (PPE) has been developed to protect large

groups of people from harm.
• It is regarded as the last line of defence against danger.
 • Foot protection
• Noise protection
• Eye protection
Types of • Head protection
PPE • Respiratory protection
• Hand protection
• face protection
Elements of PPE

• Apparel
• Earplugs
• Safety gloves
• Protective boots
• Mask
• Hard hats
1.5 Inspect work site, locate services, assess hazards and apply
risk controls, including required signage and barricades

• The inspection of the worksite, locating services, assessing hazards and

applying risk controls, including detailed information about the signs that
you can consider on the construction site.
• These prevent masses from the objects and situations which affects your
health and safety.
 Hazard: A thing or situation that causes injury,
Hazard and harm or damage is called a hazard.
Risk: When an individual is exposed to a
Risk hazard, there will be a chance of harm to a
worker. This possibility is known as risk.
Risk Assessment- using a risk matrix

• The risk matrix considers the consequences and likelihood of injury to a worker
when he/she has been exposed to a hazard. The two key questions are used to
assess the overall risk rating of the hazards such as:
• Consequences
• Likelihood
Hierarchy of
control
• These measures can be
ranked from the highest level
of safety and reliability to the
lowest, and this highest to
the lowest ranking is known
as the hierarchy of control.
 Identify the risks.

Identify who’s at risk and how they’re at risk.

Steps to
carry out a Prioritise the risks.
risk
assessment Record your significant findings.

Schedule follow-up appointments and make

any required changes to the risk assessment.
 • Power lines
• Water
Underground • Gas pipes
services • Telephone
• Sewerage
 Prohibition signs (don’t do)

Mandatory signs (must do)

Signs and Restriction signs (limiting)
Barricades Hazard signs (warning signs)

Danger hazard signs (life-threatening)

1.6 Select materials required for a task, calculate
quantities, handle safely and prepare and position ready
for use.

There are different types of

materials available for the It is classified as hardwood or
construction of timber softwood. Softwood is easily
advanced roofs, but timber is available for work, and it is
the most widespread type of better than hardwood.
material used for construction.
 Vertically and supported at
truss points and prevented
Trusses from overturning.
should be
stored Horizontally stacked with
either sufficient bearers
(approximately 2.0 m
centres) to prevent
Steel

• Steel is used for making connections between timber material used for the
roof.
• There are different steel properties such as tensile strength, compressive
strength, yield stress, and proof load calculated according to Australian
standard.
CHAPTER 2: SET OUT, PREPARE AND ERECT ROOF MEMBERS
2.1 Set out and check position of members on
top of plates.

It provides information regarding setting out and marking the

position of members on top plates according to a type of roof and
rafter spacing.
Steps should
be • Find out the span of the roof
implemented • Mark the thickness of the crown end rafter and
to set out and centring rafter.
• Start setting out rafter spacing’s towards the corners
mark the of the building.
position of • {Refer to next page}
members on
top plans
Steps should Along with the ridge board,
be the position of the common
implemented rafter must be equally spaced
to set out and
mark the At the end, mark out the
position of positions of ceiling joists and
members on ceiling trimmers by putting a J
top plans or T next to each rafter.
2.2 Determine bevels for all roof
members

• Bevels are the cut that is required by every member.

• A total eight number of bevels needs to construct which depends on the
pitch of the roof, and these bevels are based on the rise per meter run
proportion.
 • Both these types of bevels are built in a right-angle
triangle. These bevels are formed in a 90° triangle
Plumb and comprising of the rise and run or half span.
level bevel • Step:1 Rise per metre run = tan 30° = .577
• Divide both measurements by 2 for placing
common measurements in the steel square
rafter • Step 2: Divide rise by 2 = 577 ÷ 2 = 288.5
• Divide run or ½ span = 1000 ÷ 2 = 500
 These kinds of bevels are built in a right angle
triangle comprising of the rise and true length
of common rafter.

Face bevel Step 1: Calculate true length C.R = a² = b² + c²

purlin
Step 2: Divide rise by 3 = 577÷ 3 = 288.5
2.3 Set out
pattern
rafter and • It provides information regarding calculation and
setting out pattern rafter to length allowing for
cut to length overhang and creeper reductions.

allowing for
overhang.
Calculations for pattern rafter

• When calculating the length of the rafter, you must ensure that the total
length of the rafter should be equal to the cutting length of the rafter plus
the width of the overhang.
• Calculation of rafter is the same as done in section 1.6, considering the
width of overhang and reductions of creepers.
Setting out common rafter

• When the rafter calculation is completed, the next step is to set out a
common rafter.
• The common rafters are considered the main sloping members that consist
of the same length from the wall plate to both sides of the ridge.
• The permissible spacing should be 450 to 600mm for tiled roofs.
 Set out of pattern rafter by using
steel square
Steps are
The tongue of the square is
implemented adjusted with the slope of rise
while setting
Select the length of timber
out of pattern required to make a pattern rafter.
rafter
Measure the top edge of the rafter
from the centre line
2.4 Mark • It provides the information regarding setting out and
main ridge cutting of main ridge boards to the required length.

boards and • These are the highest components of the roof that
connects the ends of the rafter on either side of it. A
cut to scarf joint is used to join ridge boards which as fully
flashed with fishplates.
length.
Setting out ridge boards

• It is recommended that full-length ridge boards must be provided on the

roof.
• To set out the ridge, firstly place the ceiling joists on the wall plates. The
Ridge board should be parallel to wall plates and also level in position.
Cutting of ridge boards

1 2 3
When the setting These boards can be Centre line length of
out of ridge boards cut to full length ridge = Length of
is complete, the when gable end the building- Width
next step is to cut alignment is carried of building
ridge boards. out.
2.5 Cut common rafters to length

• It deals with cutting common rafters to length and then checking

for plumbing and levelling.
Steps are implemented during cutting and
checking of common rafters

• Firstly, the cutting of the pattern rafter is carried out when it is marked for
plumb cut, birdsmouth, and an overhang width completes.
• Now, fix the short length of batten on the plumb cut and birdsmouth cut to
ensure that all the edges of rafters are in line, which helps to maintain the
straightness of the surface of the roof.
• {Refer to next page}
Steps are • The pattern rafter is now ready to use. Lay the
implemente pattern rafter on every rafter; mark plumb cuts and
birdsmouth cut positions using a pencil.
d during • After completing marking, place the rafters for
cutting and cutting on top of saw stools having spring
uppermost.
checking of • After cutting, first of all, check all the measurements
common of plumb cuts at the top and bottom of the rafter,
birdsmouth cut and an overhang width.
rafters
 It deals with the information
regarding the erection of
2.6 Erect common rafters in the correct
sequence.
common
rafters in Follow the Australian
sequence standard for the selection of
spacing and numbering of
rafters.
Steps to erect common rafters in sequence

• Place the ridge and lay down the rafter position on the edge of the ridge
board.
• Place the pair of rafters at each end of the roof. Nail it at the feet of each
pair with the plate.
• After that, plumb the one end of the roof and connect a temporary brace
at that end to prevent racking.
2.7 • It deals with the information regarding the
Calculate calculation of lengths of hip and valley rafters from
the pitch of the roof.
length of hip • A hip rafter supports the intersection of two roof
surfaces slanting upward, while a valley rafter is
and valley used where two advanced roofs are met to make
inside corners.
rafters
 Step 1: Determine the actual set out length for the
Common rafter, from the centreline of the ridge to
the inside of the fascia.
Calculate Formula = Half span + Eave width ÷ Cos 30
length of hip
and valley = (1650 + 425) ÷ Cos 30
rafters.
= 2075 ÷ Cos 30 = 2.396

{Refer to next page}

 Step 2: Determine set out length of hip, from
centreline of ridge to inside of fascia, using
Calculate Pythagoras:

length of a²= b²+ c²

hip and
= √ Set out length of common rafter² + (Half
valley span + eave) ²

rafters. = √ 2.396² + 2.150² = √ 10.785 =3.218

2.8 Cut and fix hip and valley rafters.

• It deals with the information regarding cutting and fixing hip and valley
rafters.
• There are various methods available for cutting of hip and valley rafter such
as Scribing method, Measured in-situ method, calculation and Steel Square
set out method.
 • The top end is arranged utilising the plumb cut for
the hip on the face and the edge cut for the hip
Steps for from the two sides of the middle, on the top edge.
implementatio • The top cut end of the hip is placed between the
centring and crown end rafters with the ‘left-on
n of the measure mark being set by the top edge of the
scribing rafters.
method • Lay a rule or spirit level plumb against the outside
plate corner and scribe a plumb line up to the ‘left-
on gauge mark.
Fixing of hip rafter

Take a level and place it

A hip rafter is fixed on
at the bottom edge of
the plate, and it must be
the rafter parallel to the
level, parallel, and
plate during fixing of the
straight during fixing.
hip rafter is carried out.
2.9 Cut and fix creeper rafters allowing for
overhang.

• It provides the information regarding cutting and fixing of creeper rafters

from pattern rafter allowing for overhang.
• Creeper rafters are the form of common rafters that shortens at an equal
amount to fix against the face of the hips at the maximum spacing of the
rafter.
 Firstly, the creeper is set out from a pattern
rafter; then, it is cut in pairs to fit both sides
of the hips.
Ways to
cut and fix When an external face and long point of the
first short creeper are set out, the rest of the
creepers are laid towards the crown end and
creeper centring rafters.

rafters Rafter spacing distance is used to calculate

the length of the rest of the creepers.
Creeper
position
CHAPTER 3: INSTALL ROOF SUPPORT
3.1 Determine lengths for under-purlins

• It provides information regarding the calculation of lengths for under-

purlins.
• As per AS1684 Residential timber-framed construction, clause 7.2.10 the
following guidelines should be followed:
Joints in under purlins

• Where under purlins are joined in their length, the joint shall be made over
a point of support, with the joint halved, lapped, and nailed.
• Under purlins shall be lapped a minimum of 450 mm and spliced with 6
through-nails or 3/ No. 14 Type 17 screws or 2/M10 bolts through the
splice.
 Step 3: Length to the long sides. = (Plate
length + ridge length)/ 2
= (7.200 + 1.800)/ 2= 4.500m

Determine Step 2: Length to the short sides. =

lengths for (Plate length + ridge length)/ 2
= (5.400+ 0)/ 2 = 2.700m
under-purlins
Step 3: Order length of purlins = 4.500 +
0.150 (an allowance for jointing) =
4.650, say 4.8m
3.2 Cut and install under-purlins

• It provides information regarding cutting and installing under purlins.

• As per AS1684 Residential timber-framed construction, clause 7.2.10, the
following guidelines are followed.
Under purlins shall be securely fastened to hip or
valley rafters under one of the following options

Underpurlins supporting hip or valley rafters:

• They should not cantilever more than one-eighth of their allowable span.
• They should be fastened to the hip or valley using one of the following
means:
Cutting the under purlin to and around the hip or valley and providing
support directly below via a roof strut.
 Under-purlins are the supporting
members of the roof that are erect
Cutting and at the right angle to the rafter and
parallel to the wall plates.
installation
of under- To cut and install under-purlin, find
purlin out the position of under purlins
and measure the length of purlins
between hips or valleys.
3.3 Measure, It provides information
regarding the measure, cut and
cut and install install struts to under-purlins,
struts to hips, valleys and ridges.
under-
purlins, hips, Inclined struts, including a fan
valleys and or flying struts, are cut and
ridges. fitted for the gable roof.
 • Struts are provided to support roof members, such

Roof as under purlins ridge boards and hip and valley

rafters.

struts • Struts shall be supported off walls, strutting beams,

combined hanging/strutting beams, or combined
counter/strutting beams.
 Where struts are located at an
angle greater than
Tied and perpendicular to the rafter but
less than 60° to the vertical.
braced
strut
system They should be tied and
braced to form a frame
 Fan struts

• A pair of struts (fan or flying struts) may be used in the same line as, or perpendicular
to, the under purlin with their supports opposing each other.
• The pair of struts should be at the same angle and not greater than 45° to the vertical.
3.4 Install It provides information regarding
the installation of collar ties and tie-
collar ties and downs to span tables in AS 1684
tie-downs to Residential timber-framed
construction.
span tables in
AS 1684 Collar ties are the lightweight
Residential horizontal components that are
timber-framed used for additional support such as
spreaders prevents the sagging of
construction rafters at the purlin position.
 Collar tie
fitted to
rafter over
purlin
Collar ties application

Ties to 4200 mm Ties to 4200 mm Ties over 4200 mm

long for F8/MGP12 long for less than long for F8/MGP
or higher stress F8/MGP 12 stress 12 or higher stress
grade grade grade
3.5 Fit
trimmers to
gable end to • It provides the information regarding the
take gable fitting of trimmers to gable ends to take
gable end rafter and barge board.
end rafter
and barge
board
 Steps for fitting trimmers to gable ends

• To help trimming operations, brickwork and a smaller number of studs fixed to the
end rafter are used. Gable studs are installed above the end wall to provide
support.
• Outriggers can be used to support roof battens, but they should not be more than
600mm centres.
• {Refer to next page}
Steps for fitting trimmers to gable ends

The length of outriggers for

Outrigger positions are
cutting should be more
labelled on the top edge of
than rafter spacing plus
the rafters. To form
gable overhang which is
checkouts, waste is cut out
installed flush with the top
and removed.
of rafters.
 provides information regarding the
cutting and fixing of valley boards and
3.6 Cut surrounding battens.

and fix Valleys boards are laid on the top of

the rafter that helps to transfer a load
valley of roofing material on rafters below.

boards. Battens are installed around valley

boards to provide support to this
board and other roofing material.
Cutting and installing valley board and
battens

• Valley boards should be installed with sufficient width to give assistant to

the roofing battens, either fix a minimum of 12mm ply lay boards between
the rafters or 6mm continuous ply boards placed over the rafters.
• A single strip of roofing underlay must be placed at the top of the middle
of the valley.
• Take the counter battens, which have a depth equals to roofing battens,
and they must be installed onto the valley boards.
 • Roofing battens should be fitted with the closure
Cutting and firmly found onto the valley boards, situated near
the counter batten.
installing • The fascia board should be cut to permit the GRP
valley board valley trough to go through and release into the
drain without levelling out.
and battens • The ends of the GRP valley trough ought to be cut
using a fine-toothed hacksaw to the inexact
centerline
CHAPTER 4: CLEAN UP
4.1 Clean up, meeting all legislative and workplace
requirements for safety, waste disposal and
materials handling

After completing the work,

the construction site should
The material that is excess
be cleared, and waste
or left should be stacked
material should be disposed
and stored for later use.
of according to the
environmental legislation.
Environmental management plans

Environmental management
plans mainly describe the action
Basically, the environmental
that affects the natural
management plan (EMP) will
environment in which it occurs
direct the actions to dispose of
and set out clear commitments
recycled material at the
from an individual to follow
construction site.
environmentally friendly
practices.
 Recycling Recycling
Benefits of saves
energy
decreases
landfills
recycling
waste Recycling Recycling
protects is good for
material natural the
resources economy
4.2 Check, maintain and store tools and equipment and
report any faults

• Cleanliness, maintenance and storage of all tools and equipment are

required to keep them safe and in the best working conduction.
• After finishing the cleaning and maintenance, the tools and equipment
must be stored in the allocated place to be easily detected when required.
 Fewer equipment failures and emergency
breakdowns

Benefits of More planned work finished

making a Decrease labour charges

maintenanc
e plan Extended equipment life

Improved equipment working

After • Structural damage such as cracks, leaks, fractures or
rusting
cleaning, • Excessive component wear
check • Loose controls
equipment • Loose nuts, bolts or connectors
• Poorly attached or damaged guards
for:
 Stop working
While working with
a tool or equipment, Remove key and isolate
if you notice a fault, the power supply
you must take the
following actions Put a tag on the
equipment that read ‘Do
not Use’ or danger
Name the Australian Standard that provides the specifications
regarding framing members’ section sizes and stress grades

• AS 1684 provide section sizes

and stress grades of framing
members.
What are the fundamental criteria for adhering to
the National Construction Code (NCC)?

• Compliance with the NCC is

achieved by meeting the
relevant Performance
Requirements.
• This can be done by:
 complying with the prescriptive
Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions,
 the development of a
Performance Solution or
 a combination of both.
According to the National Construction
Code (NCC), what are the requirements
for compliance and conformance? Write
your answer in 30-50 words

• All building products and materials

must be ‘fit for purpose’ under the
NCC. The NCC requires that evidence
of suitability be established to
demonstrate that material, design or
construction meets a Performance
Requirement or Deemed-to-Satisfy
(DTS) Provision
What guidance is included
in Australian Standards
1684?
• AS 1684 is a four-part Australian
Standard covering design criteria,
building practices, tie-downs, bracing
and span tables for timber framing
members. By complying with this
Standard, users are ‘deemed to satisfy
the requirements of the Building Code
of Australia
What are the four (4)
sections of AS 1684?
 Below is a list of the four sections of AS
1684:

 AS 1684.1-1999/Residential timber-framed
construction – Design criteria

 AS 1684.2-2010 Residential timber-framed

construction – Non-cyclonic areas

 AS 1684.3-2010 Residential timber-framed

construction – Cyclonic areas

 AS 1684.4-2010 Residential timber-framed

construction – Simplified – Non-cyclonic
areas
Determine any five (5) pieces of information you
need to know in order to design a residential
timber frame in line with the Australian building
standard AS1684

• Pieces of information you need to know in order to design a residential

timber frame in line with the Australian building standard AS1684

• 1. Wind classification.

• 2. Identify the rafter or truss spacing and material.

• 3. Identify the roof pitch.

• 4. Identify the type of roof bracing.

• 5. Identify the corrosion potential of the site.

• 6. Identify the requirement of sarking.

• 7. Identify specific statutory or regulatory requirements.

• 8. Identify the bushfire Classification in the area

• 9. Identify the exposed rafter, Zero eave and Boundary wall requirements
Discuss the quality policies and
standards for advanced roofs in 50-
70 words
• As with all construction tasks, there are quality
requirements related to for constructing ceiling
frames. These are generally covered in
Australian Standards. If unsure about quality
requirements – whether in relation to the work
you’re doing, the materials to be used, or some
other area – it is important to always check with
your supervisor.
Prepare a list of five (5) quality checks you would conduct on the advanced
roofs to ensure that they meet the quality requirements

• To ensure that the quality requirements for advanced are met, you need to check the following items:

 rise and pitch of roof against plan

 correct propping of ridge, hips, valleys, rafters and under purlins at correct centres

 adequate collar ties

 line of rafter, hips and valleys

 support to strutting beams

 fascia and barge boards

 all tie-downs and fixings

 ceiling joist and alignment with rafters

 hanging beams

 trimmers for location

 trimming to manhole.
Mention any three (3) documents that specify the quality
requirements to be met during the construction of advanced
roofs.

• Quality requirements are mentioned in the following documents:

 Australian standards
 internal company quality policy and standards
 manufacturer specifications, where specified
 workplace operations and procedures.
Prepare a list of any five (5) Australian standards applicable working at
heights during the construction of advanced roofs

Australian standards applicable to working on heights.

1. AS1657:2018 Fixed Platforms, Walkways, Stairways and Ladders
2. AS/NZS 1891.1 Part 1: Safety Belts and Harnesses
3. AS/NZS 1891.2 Part 2: Horizontal Lifeline and Rail Systems
4. AS/NZS 1891:3 Part 3: Fall Arrest Devices
5. AS/NZS 1981.4 Part 4: Selection, Use and Maintenance of Industrial Fall Arrest
Systems and Devices
6. AS2625 Safe Working in a Confined Space
7. AS/NZS 4488 Industrial Rope Access Systems
8. AS/NZS 5532 Manufacturers requirements for single-point anchors
Determine the five (5) necessary safety requirements everyone must be aware
of while working at heights while constructing advanced roofs

Five (5) necessary safety

requirements everyone must be
aware of while working at heights
while erecting ceiling frames.
1. Use railing
2.Select the proper PPE
3.Ensure that you understand fall
distance
4.Select an acceptable anchor point
5.Use the Proper Equipment for
Working at Heights (Scaffold vs Lift
vs Ladder)
 Document the correct name and two (2) uses of tools and equipment used to construct
ceiling frames
Tool Tool Name Uses (Any Two)
Hand Saw 1. Used to cut the timber to length

2. Used to cut dovetails

Power Saw 1. Used to cut timber to length

2. Used for crosscutting, ripping or plunge-

cutting lumber.
Nail gun 1. Used to drive the nails more accurately.

2. Used to drive the nails in roof boards

Scriber marking tool 1. Used to mark the lines on workpieces

2. used for making mortise, tenon joints, door

casings etc
Explain the types, characteristics and uses of the
following plant and equipment:
Pneumatic compressor
Portable Electric Circular Saw

• The pneumatic compressor is a device that compresses and

stores air under pressure. It is used to operate nail guns, paint
spraying equipment, sandblasters and small air tools.

• Compressors can be either a permanent fixture in a joinery

workshop or a portable unit used for work on a construction site.
They’re driven by a motor that can be powered by either petrol,
LPG, diesel or electricity.

• The portable electric circular saw is used chiefly as a great

labour-saving device in sawing wood framing members on the
job. The diameter of the largest blade determines the size of a
circular saw it can use. The most commonly used circular saws
are the 18-20 cm saws. There are two different types of electric
saws: the side-drive and the worm-drive.
Explain the purpose and uses of the following types of
nail guns:

Framing nail gun

Finish nail guns

• Framing nail guns are designed for serious heavy-

duty work because they can fire 2.8mm nails into
any type of wood. For the most part, they are used
in cases when they have to withstand a large
burden, such as wooden beams or heavy wooden
constructions.
• Finish nail guns generally use high-gauge nails,
which have their place in carpentry and furniture
making. Not all of them are the same since they can
differ based on the shape of the nail head they
accept and the size of the nails. One of the most
popular types is the 16-gauge nail gun.
What is the limitation of nail guns?
Write your answer in a single sentence.

The only limitation of nail guns is Jamming

Explain the process to determine the
vertical height above birdsmouth

• Using the measurements, you will need to perform the following

calculation to determine the vertical height above birdsmouth.

 Divide the width of building by 2 e.g., 1.8 meters wide divided by 2

= 0.9 meters.

 Subtract half the width of the ridge board/beam – in this case, 0.01
meters.

 Multiply the figure from above by its square and do the same for the
height to the top of the ridge and then add them together e.g., width
squared + height squared = square root of hypotenuse.

 Finally, find the square of the figure you arrived at above and this
will be the length of your rafter from ridge centre to wall plate
How to determine length of rafters for pitch of roof?
Explain the process to determine
the roof pitch for rafters

 To determine the roof pitch, you'll need an 0.45- or 0.60

meters level, a tape measure, and a pencil.

 First, measure 0.30 metres from one end of the level

and make a mark.

 Then, in the attic, place the end of the level against the
bottom of a roof rafter and hold it perfectly level.

 Now measure vertically from the 0.30 metres mark on

the level straight up to the underside of the rafter, as
illustrated. That measurement is the number of inches
the roof rises in 0.30 metres.
How can we determine
plumb cut for rafters?
Plumb cut, typically called the ridge cut, at the top
end of the rafter. Birdsmouth, which consists of two
cuts – a horizontal seat cut and a vertical shoulder
cut. Tail cut, which may be cut plumb or square,
depending on how the eaves are detailed.
• To determine plumb cut for rafters:

 Calculate Rafter Length.

 Make the Plumb Cut.
 Measure and Mark the Birdsmouth and Tail Cuts
• Make the Birdsmouth and Tail Cuts
Explain the following in 50-100 words:
Rafter-to-ridge board joints
Rafter-to-hip rafter joints
• Rafter-to-ridge board joints:
Rafter-to-ridge board joints can be reinforced by using through-bolts or coach screws with a diameter of 8 mm.

• Rafter-to-hip rafter joints:

Rafter-to-hip rafter joints are made using a single 8 mm diameter coach screw or two 6x120 mm screws.
How are ridge boards marked for
rafter positions from wall plates?
• The frame must be supported
on the horizontal wall ties at
the top of the wall. The timber
frame anchoring points to the
concrete should be made using
anchor bolts.
 • Site plan:
A site plan provides a map of the construction site. Site plans contain information about existing
structures on or near the construction project. This includes topographical elements, or natural
features, such as foliage and changes in land elevation. Site plans also detail proposed changes
to the area after construction, such as through drainage systems or alterations in topography.
• Excavation plan:

Explain the following Excavation plan drawings show the dimensions of the future excavation on the project site. The
drawings might specify how the excavation should occur, such as through trenching or tunneling.
plans and drawings for The depth, width and length of excavation depend on the particular project and site.
constructing advanced • Elevation drawings:
roofs. Elevation plan drawings depict the structures vertically, as if you were looking straight at them.
Architects draw elevation plans in two dimensions, so they do not depict a project's depth.
Construction drawings of elevations help show what a building's exterior layout and facade
Site plan should look like.
Excavation plan • Section drawings:
Elevation drawings Section plan drawings are like elevation plans in that both depict the project from a vertical
Section drawings perspective. However, while elevation plans show what a building should look like once
completed from the outside, section plans show the hidden structures beneath the building's
facade. Section plans might depict:

 The insides of walls or floors

 The foundation of the building
 Beams
 Columns
 Lintels, or support structures above doors and windows
What are roof
specifications?
• The purpose of a roof specification is to
compare it to the initial design of your roof. The
design tells you what it will look like, whereas
the specification will tell you exactly how this
will be achieved on a technical level.
• The specification will involve a full breakdown
of the dimensions, materials and components
to be used. Every aspect of the roof and its
fixings will be planned, including tiles, underlay,
eaves, vents and windows. The measurements
and angles will also be included.
Discuss the processes to calculate the following
material

Rafters
Collar ties

a. To calculate the quantity of rafters, you need to follow the

following process:

 Calculate the total length of the roof

 Identify the rafter spacing

 Divide the total length of the roof by the rafter spacing

 Add 1 to the calculation and multiply by two sides

b. To calculate the collar ties, you need to follow the following

process:

 Identify the centre line length of long purlin

 Divide it by spacing

• Add 1 to the calculations

How to calculate lengths for hip and valley rafters
from the pitch of the roof?

• There are two types of methods available to calculate the hip and valley rafter
length; the first one is used to find out common rafter length, but in the
second method, a Pythagoras theorem is used to calculate the length of the
measured length.
• Following is an example of the second method:
• Let us take an example: Span = 3300, Pitch = 30 degrees Eave width =
425mm
• Step 1: Determine the actual set out length for the Common rafter, from the
centreline of the ridge to the inside of the fascia.
• Formula = Half span + Eave width ÷ Cos 30
• = (1650 + 425) ÷ Cos 30
• = 2075 ÷ Cos 30 = 2.396
• Step 2: Determine set out length of hip, from centreline of ridge to inside of
fascia, using Pythagoras:
• a²= b²+ c²
• = √ Set out length of common rafter² + (Half span + eave) ²
• = √ 2.396² + 2.150² = √ 10.785 =3.218
 How to calculate pitch of roof for
constructing advanced roofs?

To calculate pitch of roof follow the steps below:

 Take the measurement of horizontal run length: - it is horizontal distance
outside of walls top plate to a point directly below the centre of the Ridge
or hip of roof, assuming it is 10 meters
 Measure the vertical height of rise of your roof, assuming it is 2.5 meters.
 Calculate the rafter length, as Rafter^2 = rise^2 + run^2, Rafter^2 =
2.5^2 + 10^2, Rafter^2 = 6.25+100, rafter = √106.25, Rafter = 10.31
meters, hence rafter for pitched roof will be 10.31 meters.
 Calculate the roof pitch as the proportion of rise and run as pitch = rise/
run, pitch = 2.5/10 = 1/4, which is equal as 25%, hence pitch for roof will
be 25%.
 Recalculate the value of pitch in angle, as pitch = tan (angle), so angle =
arctan (pitch) = arctan (0.25) = 14°, hence pitch for roof will be 14
degrees.
 Find the roof pitch is in the form of X:12, as pitch = X/12, so X = pitch ×
12 = 0.25 ×12 = 3, hence pitch of your roof will be 3:12, and it can be also
express in fraction as 3/12, or “3 in 12”, or in percentage as 25%.
How can we calculate quantities of
rafter required for constructing
advanced roofs?

• Calculate the quantity of rafter

required by using formula:
• ((Length of roof + overhang /
rafter spacing) + 1) x 2
Explain the development of bevels
geometrically to pitch a hip roof
The geometric development below shows all eight
levels and proportions required to pitch a hip roof.
 Plumb bevel common rafter
 Plumb bevel hip
 Level bevel common rafter
 Level bevel hip
 Edge bevel creeper
 Edge bevel hip
 Edge bevel purlin
 Face bevel purlin
What are the certain essential
factors to be considered when
setting out a roof?
• When setting out a roof, there are certain essential
factors that must be considered. These are:
 Roof span – This is the distance across the roof
and measured to the outer edges of the wall
plates.
 Roof height or rise – This is the vertical height of
the roof at its highest point and is measured from
the top of the wall plates to the intersection of the
rafters at the top of the roof.
 Roof pitch – This is the angle or slope of the roof
and can be expressed in degrees or as a fraction or
ratio found by dividing the rise by the span
Discuss the procedures
to set out roof frames

• With a carpenter’s level, draw a level line to the

bottom of the first rafter tail, adjusting until the
tail hits the end of the overhang. Put a mark
there, make the same measurement on the last
rafter tail, and draw a straight line connecting
the two points, marking the bottom of all the
rafter tails, trimming them with a circular saw,
if you didn’t do this when you were cutting the
rafters originally. Cut and nail the sub-fascias
plywood to the rafters, extending as is
necessary at the ends to make up for the
overhang.
Explain the three (3) different types of pitched roofs
There are three types pitched roof:

 Single Roofs.

 Double or Purlin Roofs.

 Trussed Roofs.

Single roofs:

Single roofs consist of only common rafters to each slope without any inter-mediate support and which are
secured at ridge and wall plates. The single roofs are generally of the following four types:

a) Lean-to Roof or Verandah Roof

b) Couple Roof

c) Couple Close Roof

d) Collar Beam Roof

Double or Purlin roofs:

It becomes uneconomical for the rafters when the span exceeds 2.4 meters, hence in order to make the span
economical, Intermediate supports which are called as purlins are provided under rafters.

Trussed roofs:

Framed structure is generally known as trussed roof. When there is absence of inside supporting walls and
partition for purlins and when the roof span exceeds more than 5 meters. Some of the mainly used Trusses are
as follows:

 King-post truss.

 Queen-post truss.

 Mansard roof truss.

 Truncated roof truss.

 Bel-fast roof truss.

 Steel trusses.
 Explain the following types of roof design?

1. Hip roofs

2. Mansard roofs

3. A-framed roofs

4. Bell shaped roofs

• Hip Roofs
When you think of a roof that just has a
front and a back, that is usually a gable
roof. However, a four-sided roof is usually
a hip roof. One major factor to consider on
a hip roof is that there is often very little
peak or ridge area at the top of the roof.
• Mansard roofs:
• Mansard roofs are steeply
pitched roofs often covering
the walls of the upper story
of the home. Sometimes they
conceal a flat or very low
slope roof on top of the
structure (which may have
special needs of its own).
A-framed roofs:

• A-Frame roofs have the same issue as

mansard roofs in that many roofing
materials want to slip out of place on the
near vertical surfaces. They also often
have doors and windows as part of the
roof surface. An additional challenge of A-
Frames though is that, being at ground
level, they are more subject to damage
over time.
Bell-Shaped Roofs:

• Bell-Shaped roofs can have convex curves,

concave curves, or both. Accomplishing the
curves can be very difficult for vertical seam
metal roofs but is usually easily
accomplished with horizontally-run metal
shingle roofs. One concern with roofs of this
design is that sometimes the roof can go
very low pitch either at the bottom or the
top of the bell curve.
Any Questions
Thanks