APP 007

INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATION AND IMMERSION

WITH WORK IMMERSION

Ms. Rubie Rose L. Camba

Module 6: Writing Chapter II
(Research Design, Participants, and Research Site)

Lesson Objectives:

1. Select the appropriate research design for

the study.
2. Determine the locale of the study
3. Determine the participants of the study
Review
Directions: Write the appropriate bibliographic references of the following using the
APA and MLA Reference Styles.

1. Author: American Cancer Society

Article: Genetics and Cancer
Website: http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/geneticandcancer/index
Date retrieved: April 1, 2017
APA:
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MLA:
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2. Authors: Hilario R. Ramos and Rosie M. Benitez
Title of the Book: Academic Competition
Publisher : National Bookstore
Place of Publication: Manila
Year Published: 2016
APA:
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MLA:
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MAIN LESSON
Research Methods
- These are the particular strategies researchers use to collect the evidence
necessary for building and testing theories" It can be quantitative, qualitative
or mixed method (Frey,Botan, Friedman, & Kreps 1991)

- Decisions pertaining to what, where, when, how much, and by what means with
regards to a study make up a research design.

- It is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data

The Research Design
The research design guides the researcher in planning the following aspects or procedures of research.
➢ Identifying the research environment
➢ Identifying the population of the study
❖ Decision on whether to take the whole population or just select a sample
❖ How the sample of the study will be selected (sampling method)
❖ Criteria the selection of sample
➢ Consideration on the research instruments
❖ Identifying the research tool to be used (standardized or researcher made)
❖ Validity and reliability of the researcher made instrument
❖ For qualitative – the proper conduct of an interview or focused group discussion
➢ The procedure in gathering and treatment of data
Almeida, Gaerlan and Manly (2016) pointed out that the choice of study design would depend largely on
the philosophical perspective, objective of the study, the inquiry mode and the applicability of research
findings
In quantitative research, some of the commonly used designs are classified by examining them from three
different perspectives:
1. Research Design Based on the Number of Contacts
a. Cross-sectional studies are commonly used in the social sciences.
These studies aim to find out the prevalence of phenomenon,
situation, problem, attitude or issue by taking a cross section of
the population.
b. The before and after design (also known as the pre-
test / post-test design. This design can measure
changes in a situation, phenomenon, issue, problem or
attitude. The before and after design can be
described as two sets of cross – sectional data
collection points on the same population to find out
the change in the phenomenon or variable between two
points in time. The change is measured by comparing
the difference in the phenomenon or variable before
and after the intervention.
c. The longitudinal study design. This is useful to determine the
pattern of extent of change in a phenomenon, situation,
problem or attitude in relation to time. Under this design the
study population is visited
a number of times at regular intervals, usually over a long
period. Intervals may be as short as week or longer
than a year. Irrespective of the size of the interval, the
type of information gathered each time is identical. The
data collected may come from the same study population but it
may or may not be from the same respondents.
2. Research Design Based on the Reference Period
a. The retrospective study design is used to investigate a phenomenon, situation problem or issue that
has happened in the past. The study may be conducted either on the basis of the data available for that
period or on the basis of respondent recall of the situation.
b. The prospective study design attempts to establish the outcome of an event or what is likely to
happen, such as the likely prevalence of a phenomenon, situation, problem, attitude or outcome in the
future.
Experiments are usually classified as prospective studies since the researcher must wait for an
intervention to register its effect on the study population.
c. The retrospective-prospective study design. This applies to a study wherein available data are
analyzed and used as bases of future projection. It does not involve. It does not involve a control group.
Trend studies fall under this category.
3. Research Design Based on the Nature of the Investigation
a. Experimental design has an assumption of a cause-and-effect relationship. In
this design, the researcher introduces the intervention that is assumed to be
the cause of change and waits until it has produced the change.
b. In the non-experimental design, the researcher observes a phenomenon and
attempts to establish what caused it. In this instance, the research starts from
the effect or outcome and attempts to determine causation.
Survey – The objective of the study is to see a general picture of the population under investigation in terms of their social
and economic characteristics, opinions and their knowledge about and behavior towards a certain phenomena.
Correlational study – The aim of this design is to find out the direction and extent of relationship between variable of a
population under study.
A quasi-experimental study has the properties of both experimental and non-experimental studies.
Research Design in Qualitative Method
1. Case study
This is a dominant qualitative study design but also prevalent in quantitative research. This is an indepth investigation of a single
or small number of units. It is used to describe an entity that forms a single unit such
as a person, an organization or an institution. It offers rich and in-depth information which is not usually offered by other
methods.

2. Grounded theory
This is an approach in collecting and analyzing qualitative data that aims to develop theories and theoretical propositions
grounded on the real world observations.
3. Phenomenology
This study design describes accurately the lived experiences of people being studied. The primary source of data is the life world
of the individual, in depth interviews are the most common means of data collection.Furthermore, emerging themes are
frequently validated with participants because their meanings of that lived experience are central in phenomenological study
( Ploeg, 1999)

4. Ethnography
This is a research process which deals with the scientific description of individual culture involving the
origins, development and characteristics of human kind, including social customs, beliefs and cultural
development ( Wiersman & Jurs, 2009)
5.Mixed Methods
It uses both quantitative and qualitative approach in answering the research questions. Researchers may use narratives to add
meaning to the gathered numerical data.
ASSESSMENT
Directions: Identify the types of research design described in the items below.

1. It is used to determine the pattern of extent of change in a phenomenon, situation,

etc. in relation to time.
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2. It attempts to establish the outcomes of an event, or what is likely to happen in
the future.
_________________________________________________________
3. It has an assumption of cause and effect relationship when an intervention is
introduced or used.
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GROUP WORK
Based on your chosen topic, conceptualize an appropriate research method and design. Justify your answer.
Title:
_________________________________________________________________________
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Research Method:
_________________________________________________________________________
Research Design:
_________________________________________________________________________
Justifications:
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Thank you!!!