Diversity Factor

KilongKilong, Charlene

Yuson, May
 What is Diversity Factor?
 We can define the Diversity factor as the ratio of the sum of the maximum demands of
the various load centers to the maximum coincident demand of the whole system.

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 What is Diversity Factor?
 It is defined as the ratio of the sum of the individual demands of all consumers to the
maximum demand of the power station. The diversity factor formula is as follows:

 Diversity Factor=Sum of individual Maximum Demands / Maximum Demand of Power

Station

 The sum of individual maximum demands is always greater than the maximum demand
of the power station. Hence, the diversity factor is always greater than unity (>1). The
diversity factor reduces the capital cost of the station and the rate of generation of
electricity.

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What is Diversity Factor

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 What is Diversity Factor?
 Unfortunately, it is not possible to store the electricity in a huge amount for its later use.
Therefore, it is necessary to generate electricity as per the requirements on the consumer
side. The electrical sources, generating stations, or transformers at the substation must
be capable to fulfill the load requirements at all times of the day. If all the loads
connected to the generator or substation demand load simultaneously, then it is not
possible to fulfill the load requirements or we have to install a bigger generating station
or substations.

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 What is Diversity Factor?
 However, in fact, the maximum, demand does not happen at the same time. The
maximum load demands of various load centers occur at different time periods of the
day. Therefore, we can construct a smaller electrical source to cater to the maximum
demands that occur at different time periods. Thus, the diversity of the maximum
demands of various loads allows us to design a generating station and substations for the
economic installation of the electrical equipment.

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 What is Diversity Factor?
 Here, a diversity factor is a very important parameter that shows how the different loads
demand maximum loading during a specific time period of the day.

 The maximum load of all the load centers can not be more than the maximum load of the
power source whether it is a generator or transformer. The maximum demand during the
day at any point in time can not be more than the generating capacity of the generator or
the power-delivering capacity of the transformer.

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 Diversity Factor
 The diversity factor is the ratio of the sum of the individual maximum demands of the
various subdivisions of a system to the maximum demand of the whole system.

 Loads do not normally all peak at the same time. The sum of the individual peak loads
will therefore inevitably be greater than the peak load of the composite system. The
diversity factor normally has a value greater than unity and is only equal to unity if all
the individual demands occur simultaneously. The coincident nature of load demands is
of great importance to the distribution planning engineer as it is a key factor in the
economic sizing of plant.

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Diversity Factor

Figure 23.3 shows the effects of coincidental and non-

coincidental demands. 9
 Let us understand the concept of diversity factor by taking an example.

 A substation U delivers the load to load centers P, Q, R, S & T. The maximum load of
substation A is U megawatts. The maximum demand of load centers is A megawatt, B
megawatts. C megawatts, D megawatts, S megawatts, and T megawatts.

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 From the below figure, the diversity factor would be;

The above mathematical expression clearly shows that the

diversity factor equal to unity is not good. The diversity factor
must be greater than 1 for an economic generation. A high
diversity factor shows that the various loads demand maximum
load at different time periods during the day.

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Solved Problems on Diversity Factor

Maximum Demand of main feeder is

70 KW

So, from above equation of diversity factor

Diversity factor of the main feeder

= 77/70 = 1.1

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 Solved Problems on Diversity Factor
 Example. 2 The maximum (peak) load on a thermal power plant of 60 MW capacity is 50 MW at an
annual load factor of 50%. The loads having maximum demands of 25 MW, 20 MW, 8 MW and, 5 MW
are connected to the power station.

 Determine:

 (a) Average load on power station

 (b) Demand factor

 (c) Diversity factor.

 Solution:

 Maximum Demand on power Station

 = 50 MW
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 Load Factor = 50%
 Solved Problems on Diversity Factor
 (a) We can calculate Average Load by using formula,

 average load formula

 (b) Demand factor

 demand factor

 (c) Diversity factor

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 diversity factor numerical
 Solved Problems on Diversity Factor
 Example.3 A diesel power plant supplies the following loads to various consumers −

 Domestic light = 500 kW

 Domestic power = 100 kW

 Industrial consumers = 2000 kW

 Commercial establishments = 700 kW

 If the maximum demand on the power station is 3000 kW. Determine the diversity factor
of the power plant.

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 Solved Problems on Diversity Factor
 Solution

 The diversity factor of a power station is given by,

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 Diversity Factor Examples
 A power transformer at a substation has a capacity of 3000 KW. It caters to various
types of loads. The industrial load is 3000 kW. The domestic and municipal loads are
200 kW and 100 kW respectively. The diversity factor of the transformer is;

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