Scribd
Upload
76 views

Approaches in Cda

This document outlines three main approaches to critical discourse analysis (CDA): Fairclough's socio-cultural/semiotic approach, Wodak's discourse-historical approach, and van Dijk's socio-cognitive approach. Fairclough views discourse as a form of social practice and sees language and social phenomena as mutually constitutive. Wodak's approach emphasizes accurately recording the context of a discourse and relating texts to historical events and social structures. Van Dijk develops a tripartite model linking discourse, cognition, and society, seeing social cognitions as mediating between texts and broader societal arrangements.

Uploaded by

Syarifah Hani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
76 views

Approaches in Cda

This document outlines three main approaches to critical discourse analysis (CDA): Fairclough's socio-cultural/semiotic approach, Wodak's discourse-historical approach, and van Dijk's socio-cognitive approach. Fairclough views discourse as a form of social practice and sees language and social phenomena as mutually constitutive. Wodak's approach emphasizes accurately recording the context of a discourse and relating texts to historical events and social structures. Van Dijk develops a tripartite model linking discourse, cognition, and society, seeing social cognitions as mediating between texts and broader societal arrangements.

Uploaded by

Syarifah Hani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

APPROACHES IN CDA

Principles of CDA
1. CDA addresses social problems.
2. Power relations are discursive (power relations are performed and constructed
in and through discourse)
3. Discourse constitutes society and culture (discourse shapes society and
culture, as well as being shaped by them)
4. Discourse does ideological work (Discourse is not neutral)
5. Discourse is historical (discourse is not produced without context and cannot
be understood without taking the context into consideration)
6. The link between text and society is mediated
7. Discourse analysis is interpretative and explanatory
8. discourse as a form of social action
Three Focal Approaches
1. Norman Fairclough “Socio-Cultural/Semiotic Approach”

2. Ruth Wodak “Discourse-Historical Approach”

3. Teun van Dijk “Socio-Cognitive Approach”


Fairclough
• Discourse is viewed as “a form of social practice”
• Linguistic phenomena are social(interactions are both determined
socially and have social effects)
• Social phenomena are linguistic (language activity which occurs in
social contexts is part of social processes and practices)
• Discourse is the social process of text production and interpretation
• Texts are inherently intertextual (they are constituted by elements of
other texts.
• texts and discourses are socially constitutive: “Language use is always
simultaneously constitutive of (i) social identities, (ii) social relations and
(iii) systems of knowledge and beliefs”
• language is also socially shaped.
• the relation between language use and society is mediated by discourse
• Discourse is just the medium to bring out values, beliefs, conventions and
norms of society
• A discursive event is simultaneously text, discursive practice (including
the production and interpretation of texts) and social practice.
Fairclough
Analytical framework draws on the concepts of

intertextuality (the relationship between texts ‘before’ and


‘after’),
interdiscursivity (the combination of genres and discourses in a text)
hegemony (the predominance in and the dominance of political,
ideological and cultural domains of a society)
Fairclough
Ruth Wodak
Principles of the discourse-historical approach

1. Setting and context should be recorded as accurately as possible,


since discourse can only be described, understood and interpreted
in its specific context.
2. The content of an utterance must be confronted with historical
events and facts.
3. Texts must be described as precisely as possible at all linguistic
levels
Ruth Wodak
• Relationship between discursive practices and fields of action
(situations, institutional and social structures) is dialectic.
• Discourse is “ a complex bundle of simultaneous and sequential
interrelated linguistic acts, which manifest themselves within and
across the social fields of action as thematically interrelated semiotic,
oral or written tokens, very often as ‘texts’”
• Discourse is historic: intertextual and interdiscursive relationships
between texts, genres and discourses, as well as sociological
variables, and situational frames.
Ruth Wodak
CDA employs a principle of triangulation which combines different
interdisciplinary approaches in four dimensions:

(1) “the immediate language or text internal co-text”;


(2) “the intertextual and interdiscursive relationship between
utterances, texts, genres and discourses”;
(3) the social/sociological variables and institutional frames of a
particular context of situation; and,
(4) the broader socio-political and historical context which the
discursive practices are embedded within and related to.
Ruth Wodak
Three levels of Discourse and textual analysis
 Content
 Strategies
 Means and forms of realization.
Ruth Wodak: The procedures of the discourse-historic approach
to CDA
 Gather information about the co- and context of the text (social, political, historical,
psychological, and so on).
 Establish the genre and discourse to which the text belongs, then sample more ethnographic
information; locate texts on similar topics, texts with similar arguments, macro-topics, field of
action, and genres.
 Formulate precise research questions and explore neighbouring fields for explanatory
theories and other aspects that need to be considered.
 Operationalize the research questions into researchable linguistic categories.
 Apply these categories sequentially to the text using theoretical approaches to interpret the
findings that result from the research questions.
 Draw up the context diagram for the specific text and the fields of actions.
 Make an extensive interpretation of the data, returning to the original research questions and
the problem under investigation.
Teun van Dijk: Basic Concept
• Socio-cognitive approach focuses on the tripartite discourse-cognition-society
model
• “discourse” means “communicative event”, including conversation, written
text, and any “semiotic” or multimedia dimension of signification.
• social “cognition” involves “mental” or “memory” structures, representations
and processes in discourse and interaction such as beliefs, evaluations, and
emotions.
• “Society” includes both microstructures of interactions, as well as societal and
political structures such as group relations, institutions, and political system
• “the combined cognitive and social dimensions of the triangle functions as
defining the relevant (local and global) context of discourse”
Teun van Dijk: Basic Concept
• CDA attempts to connect the micro-structure of language to the macrostructure of
society.
• Micro level refers to language use, discourse, verbal interaction and communication
• Macro level refers to power, dominance and inequality between social groups
• Social cognitions is “socially shared representations of societal arrangements,
groups and relations, as well as mental operations such as interpretation, thinking
and arguing, inferencing and learning”
• Social cognition function as mediation between text and society
• Text has micro-structure and macro-structure
• societal structures is related to discourse structures through actors and their minds.
DISCOURSE - COGNITION – SOCIETY TRIANGLE

- Local microstructures of
face to face interaction
SOCIETY
- Global societal political
COGNITION structures (group relations,
institutions, organizations,
social process, political system
Discourse
Personal as well as social:
- Cognition
- Beliefs and goal
- Emotion and evaluation
- Mental structures and
representation

Communicative events:
- Conversational interaction
- Written text
- (gesture, facework, layout, image)
- Other semiotic or multimedia signification
Questions to guide text analysis

You might also like