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Ronak Macwan

This presentation discusses crevice corrosion, a localized form of corrosion that occurs in narrow cracks and crevices where liquid and oxygen cannot freely circulate. Crevice corrosion progresses in four stages as oxygen is consumed within the crevice, acidification occurs, and the corrosion rate accelerates. It is most common for materials like stainless steel exposed to environments containing chlorides. Crevice corrosion can be prevented through proper material selection, design and construction practices that eliminate crevices and deposits, use of cathodic protection, and regular cleaning and inspection.

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70 views

Ronak Macwan

This presentation discusses crevice corrosion, a localized form of corrosion that occurs in narrow cracks and crevices where liquid and oxygen cannot freely circulate. Crevice corrosion progresses in four stages as oxygen is consumed within the crevice, acidification occurs, and the corrosion rate accelerates. It is most common for materials like stainless steel exposed to environments containing chlorides. Crevice corrosion can be prevented through proper material selection, design and construction practices that eliminate crevices and deposits, use of cathodic protection, and regular cleaning and inspection.

Uploaded by

Devashish Joshi
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRESENTATION ON

A SPECIAL TYPE OF CORROSION:

CREVICE CORROSION

METALLURGICAL & MATERIAL ENGINNERING DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING, KALABHAVAN VADODARA 2011.

Prepared ByMACWAN RONAK R. SEMINAR NO. 35 ROLL NO. 912 B.E-IV(Metallurgy)

CORROSION.
(A) Corrosion is the surface wastage that occurs when metals are exposed to reactive environments.

(B) Corrosion is the result of interaction between a metal and environments which results in its gradual destruction.

TYPES OF CORROSION.
There is not a unique classification of the types of corrosion, but the following classification is adapted hereafter. 1. GENERAL CORROSION 2. LOCALIZED CORROSION

1. GENERAL CORROSION
1. Atmospheric Corrosion 2. Galvanic Corrosion: 3. High-Temperature Corrosion 4. Liquid-Metal Corrosion 5. Molten-Salt Corrosion 6. Biological Corrosion 7. Stray-Current Corrosion

2. LOCALIZED CORROSION
1. Crevice Corrosion 2. Filiform Corrosion 3. Pitting Corrosion 4. Oral Corrosion 5. Biological Corrosion 6. Selective Leaching Corrosion

CREVICE CORROSION
crevice means thin and narrow crack
1. OCCURRENCE, CONDITIONS:

- This is localized corrosion concentrated in crevices in which the gap is sufficiently wide for liquid to penetrate into the crevice and sufficiently narrow for the liquid in the crevice to be stagnant.

CONT
-Crevice corrosion occurs on flange coupling, nail and screw heads and paint coating edges, in overlap joints, between tubes and tube plates in heat exchangers etc. -The most typical crevice corrosion occurs on materials that can easily be passivated (stainless steels, aluminium, unalloyed or low alloy steels in more or less alkaline environments etc.), when these materials are exposed to aggressive species (e.g. chlorides) that can lead to local breakdown of the surface oxide layer.

CONT
- Materials like conventional stainless steels can be heavily attacked by slowly flowing seawater. A critical velocity of about 2 m/s has often been assumed, but more recent studies have indicated that crevice corrosion can occur at higher velocities too.

-The corrosion form is most frequently observed in environments containing chlorides, but can also occur in other salt solutions.

2. MECHANISM: -Figure shows two stages in the development of crevice corrosion. A flange joint of a metal M is exposed to neutral water containing oxygen and NaCl. For simplicity, we assume firstly that M is a univalent metal. The development can be divided into the following four stages: STAGE 1. -In the beginning the metal corrodes at the same rate inside and outside the crevice (Figure a).

CONT
The anodic reaction: M ----------> M+ + eThe cathodic reaction: O2 + 2H2O + 4e- --------> 4OH-The oxygen is gradually being consumed within the crevice. -Oxygen is more slowly transported into the crevice than it is consumed inside it.

STAGE 1.

STAGE 2.
-When the oxygen has been completely consumed inside the crevice, OH- can no longer be produced there. Conversely, the dissolution of metal inside the crevice continues, by migration of Cl- into the crevice (Figure b). -In this way an increasing amount of dissociated metal chloride (M+Cl-) is produced in the crevice. -The metal chloride reacts with water M+Cl- + H2O ---------> MOH + H+Cl-Metal hydroxide is deposited and hydrochloric acid is formed in the crevice, which causes a gradual reduction of the pH. This process leads to a critical corrosion state.

STAGE 2.

STAGE 3.
-When the environment has become sufficiently aggressive, the surface oxide film is attacked. The crevice surfaces are transferred to an active state and the corrosion rate increases. STAGE 4. - Because of increased corrosion rate, the migration of Cl- increases also, which contributes to a further acceleration of the corrosion process. The process promotes itself, i.e. it is autocatalytic. -Since the pH has been strongly reduced, the hydrogen reaction takes place. 2H++2e- ----------> H2

CONT
This reaction act as second cathodic reaction. -pH inside the crevice is 04 - pH outside the crevice is 910 The corrosion current: Icorr = Io + IH Wr, Io= oxygen reduction current outside the crevice IH= hydrogen reduction current inside the crevice -There is a potential drop E = Eo Ei in the electrolyte from the free surface outside to the inside of the crevice.

CONT
-The area of the crevice surface is often small compared with that of the outer surface. -This means that a large corrosion current is concentrated on a small area, so that the corrosion current density is very high in unfavourable cases.

ANODIC POLARIZATION CURVE FOR A SPECIMEN WITH AN ACTIVE CREVICE

CONT
-Various metals, e.g. Al, Fe, Cr and Ni, may suffer from crevice corrosion(various hydroxides deposited in crevice.) -The time until the crevice becomes active (stages 13) is called the incubation (or initiation or induction) period. This may last, e.g. several months -After the incubation period, penetration of plates with thickness of a few millimetres may in extreme cases occur within some days. -The length of the incubation time is difficult to predict. -Crevice corrosion is affected by several factors, i.e. metallurgical, environmental, electrochemical, surface physical, and geometrical nature.

PHOTOS OF CREVICE CORROSION

PREVENTION

OF CREVICE CORROSION

-Crevice corrosion can be prevented or reduced by appropriate: 1. SELECTION OF MATERIAL: -The conventional stainless steels, with martensitic, ferritic, austenitic or ferriticaustenitic (duplex) structure, are sensitive to crevice corrosion, Newer high-alloy steels with high Mo content show by far better crevice corrosion properties in seawater and other Cl-containing environments . Table :Resistance of various materials to crevice corrosion in stagnant seawater
1.

2. DESIGN & PRODUCTION


-Avoid as far as possible crevices and deposition. A couple of examples are given in Figure: a and b. Comments: a) Use butt welds instead of overlap joints. Alternatively, overlap joints can be sealed by continuous welds. Be careful about the use of backing gas in welding processes, and check that the penetration is complete. After welding of stainless steels, carry out pickling, brushing, blasting or grindingfor removal of less protective and less resistant surface layers. b) Design in a way that promotes complete drainage and prevents accumulation of deposits. Make it easy to inspect and clean.

EXAMPLE OF GOOD & BAD DESIGN

3. CATHODIC PROTECTION:
-The potential must be kept below the protection potential. An efficient method for internal protection of pipe joints is the resistancecontrolled cathodic protection (RCP) 4. MEARURES FOR PREVENTING DEPOSITION: a) Inspection and cleaning during and between service periods. b) Separation of solid material from flowing media in process plants. c) Gravel filling around buried piping and structures.

REFERENCES
1. CORROSION & PROTECTION BY EINAR BARDAL 2. CORROSION ENGINEERING BY MARS G. FONTANA & NORBERT D. GREEN 3. INTERNET

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