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Multiple Xing

This document discusses different types of multiplexing including frequency division multiplexing (FDM), wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM), and time division multiplexing (TDM). FDM involves modulating signals to different carrier frequencies so they do not overlap. WDM and DWDM are forms of FDM that multiplex signals using different wavelengths/colors of light over optical fibers. TDM involves interleaving multiple digital signals in time by assigning time slots. Synchronization methods like framing bits and pulse stuffing are used for TDM.

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p81641975
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21 views

Multiple Xing

This document discusses different types of multiplexing including frequency division multiplexing (FDM), wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM), and time division multiplexing (TDM). FDM involves modulating signals to different carrier frequencies so they do not overlap. WDM and DWDM are forms of FDM that multiplex signals using different wavelengths/colors of light over optical fibers. TDM involves interleaving multiple digital signals in time by assigning time slots. Synchronization methods like framing bits and pulse stuffing are used for TDM.

Uploaded by

p81641975
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Multiplexing

(Unit -1 For ECE Students Only)


Multiplexing
Frequency Division Multiplexing
• Useful bandwidth of medium
exceeds required bandwidth
of channel
• Each signal is modulated to a
different carrier frequency
• Carrier frequencies separated
so signals do not overlap
(guard bands)
• e.g. broadcast radio
• Channel allocated even if no
data
Multiplexing
FDM System
Multiplexing
FDM of Three Voiceband Signals
Multiplexing
Analog Carrier Systems
• AT&T (USA)
• Hierarchy of FDM schemes
• Group
• 12 voice channels (4kHz each) = 48kHz
• Range 60kHz to 108kHz
• Supergroup
• 60 channel
• FDM of 5 group signals on carriers between 420kHz and 612
kHz
• Mastergroup
• 10 supergroups
Multiplexing
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
• Multiple beams of light at different frequency
• Carried by optical fiber
• A form of FDM
• Each color of light (wavelength) carries separate data channel
• 1997 Bell Labs
• 100 beams
• Each at 10 Gbps
• Giving 1 terabit per second (Tbps)
• Commercial systems of 160 channels of 10 Gbps now available
• Lab systems (Alcatel) 256 channels at 39.8 Gbps each
• 10.1 Tbps
• Over 100km
Multiplexing
WDM Operation
• Same general architecture as other FDM
• Number of sources generating laser beams at different frequencies
• Multiplexer consolidates sources for transmission over single fiber
• Optical amplifiers amplify all wavelengths
• Typically tens of km apart
• Demux separates channels at the destination
• Mostly 1550nm wavelength range
• Was 200MHz per channel
• Now 50GHz
Multiplexing
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

• DWDM
• No official or standard definition
• Implies more channels more closely spaced that WDM
• 200GHz or less
Multiplexing
Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing

• Data rate of medium exceeds data rate of digital signal to


be transmitted
• Multiple digital signals interleaved in time
• May be at bit level of blocks
• Time slots preassigned to sources and fixed
• Time slots allocated even if no data
• Time slots do not have to be evenly distributed amongst
sources
Multiplexing
Time Division Multiplexing

TDM System
Multiplexing
TDM Link Control
• No headers and trailers
• Data link control protocols not needed
• Flow control
• Data rate of multiplexed line is fixed
• If one channel receiver can not receive data, the others must
carry on
• The corresponding source must be quenched
• This leaves empty slots
• Error control
• Errors are detected and handled by individual channel systems
Multiplexing
Framing
• No flag or SYNC characters bracketing TDM frames
• Must provide synchronizing mechanism
• Added digit framing
• One control bit added to each TDM frame
• Looks like another channel - “control channel”
• Identifiable bit pattern used on control channel
• e.g. alternating 01010101…unlikely on a data channel
• Can compare incoming bit patterns on each channel with sync
pattern
Multiplexing
Pulse Stuffing
• Problem - Synchronizing data sources
• Clocks in different sources drifting
• Data rates from different sources not related by simple
rational number
• Solution - Pulse Stuffing
• Outgoing data rate (excluding framing bits) higher than sum of
incoming rates
• Stuff extra dummy bits or pulses into each incoming signal until
it matches local clock
• Stuffed pulses inserted at fixed locations in frame and removed
at demultiplexer

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