RIGGING

and
SLINGING
COURSE

1
DEFINITION OF RIGGING

Rigging is part of the lifting operation which forms the link

between the crane and the load.

2
AIM OF THE COURSE

The aim of this training is to alleviate "every day" mechanical handling

problems

This training is issued in support of Occupational Safety & Health guidelines.

It provides information on lifting equipment and lifting operations which, if
used properly, will lead to safer working practices.

It provides guidelines for the safe use of lifting equipment at

worksites but also contains information relating to general rigging
practice and standards which is relevant to all lifting operations.

The prime consideration is the SAFETY OF THE PERSONNEL and

then to ensure that materials and cargo are handled with the minimum
risk of damage.

3
LEGISLATION:

1)- It is the duty of the EMPLOYER to provide a safe place of work. This
duty includes the provision of all necessary instruction, training and
supervision.

2)- It is the duty of the EMPLOYEE to take reasonable care for your own
health and safety and that of other people who may be affected by your
conduct at work. This includes complying with any safety requirements
imposed by either your employer or the owner/operator of the work site.

3)- When operating a crane, Operators should have received adequate

training or at least have the relevant practical experience to enable them
to demonstrate their competence.
4)- When using lifting gear and equipment, you will be aware that it must
be INSPECTED at regular intervals. And must be examined by YOU prior
to each use to ensure they are safe to use.

4
PPE
PPE

Personal Protective Equipment is to be

supplied and used at work wherever there
are risks to health and safety.

The Regulations also require that PPE:

- Is properly assessed before use to ensure it is suitable;

- Is maintained and stored properly;

- Is provided with instructions on how to use it safely;

- Is used correctly by employees.

- Ensure your PPE is ‘CE’ marked and complies with the

requirements of Regulations 2002.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF RIGGER

To Qualify as a Slinger / Banskman or Signalman, the

person should:
 Be medically and physically fit (have a good eye sight, hearing)

Have been trained in the safe use of lifting equipment.

Ability to select and use the lifting tackles as per load configuration.

To be able to provide necessary signals for crane operators as per

standard signals attached in this training material.

To locate load in away, to ensure safety of load and working

personnel.

To understand his companies’ rules and regulation, colour coding and
certification of lifting tackle.

To be able to communicate with radio where the crane operator is out
of range.
6
WIRE ROPE SLING

What is a Wire Rope? Core

Wire
Wire rope consists of three basic components:
King
(1) Wires that form the strand Wire
(2) Strands
(3) Core of steel or fibers

Strand Classification:

Classifica No. of Wires per Common Use Strand

tion Strands Strands
6x7 6 3 to 14 Regular lay – guy lines
6 x 19 6 16 to 26 Seal, regular lay – mines,
hoists
6 x 37 6 27 to 49 Regular lay – hoists, traction
elevators
8 x 19 8 16 to 26 Spin resistant - hoists Wire Rope

Wire Rope Classification Examples

7
dia
WIRE ROPE CORES

The central core of a steel wire rope maintains the circular section of the
rope by supporting the strands

The core is giving an idea how and where to use the wire rope:

Heat ………use Steel Strand Core

Humidity ………don’t use Manila Fiber Core
Acid ………..don’t use man – made Fibers that are sensitive to acids
Flexibility ………..Fiber ropes are good
Multi-layer winding ……….don’t use Fiber ropes as they are susceptible to crushing
Flexibility and elasticity needed …………use Fiber ropes
8
STELL
WIRE WIRE
ROPE ROPE SLING :
CONSTRUCTION

Wire Ropes are made with strands of various shapes, i.e., round strands,
flattened strands. Most ropes used in hoisting and rigging operations are
made up of round strands with the most common round strand
constructions illustrated below.

Single Layer :All the wires are the same size.

Filler Wire: The outer wires are supported by half their number
of main inner wires with an equal number of smaller filler wires.

Seale: One layer of wires is laid over a number of small wires,

with the same length and direction of lay. The wires on the outer
layers are supported in the valleys between the wires of the
inner layers.

Warrington: One layer of wires is composed of alternating

large and small wires. The length of lay and number of wires in
each layer are equal.

9
WIRE ROPE LAYS

Regular Lay

Right Lay Lang Lay

Left Lay

The direction or lay or rotation of the

strands is normally right hand, but some
machinery needs left hand lay ropes to
achieve a balance of torques. A rope
may be described as Right Hand
Lay Length Ordinary Lay, Right Hand Lang’s Lay,
Left Hand ordinary Lay or Left Hand
Lang’s Lay (see illustrations).

10
WIRE ROPE BASIC CORES

Fiber Core (FC)

Independent Wire Rope

Core (IWRC)

Wire Strand Core (WSC)

11
CORES

The central core of a steel wire rope maintains the circular section of the rope by
supporting the strands the core may be of two classes:

a. Fibre Cores - composed of vegetable fibre (e.g. Manila, Jute or more commonly Sisal) or
man- made fibre (such as Polypropylene), which has the advantage of being more
resistant to deterioration. Fibre cores are often referred to as F.C. or F.F.C. and are
impregnated with a suitable preservative lubricant.

b. Steel Cores - may be a Wire Strand Core - W.S.C. (usually in ropes of a diameter less than
8mm) or a complete rope in itself, an independent Wire Rope Core - I.W.R.C. (usually of
7 x 7 construction - 6 strands of 7 wires around 1 strand of 7 wires).

The steel core will resist distortion when the rope is heavily loaded, passing over
relatively small diameter sheaves or pulleys, or subjected to drum crushing.
Distortion may lead to impaired running over sheaves etc. and may lead to failure
due to unequal loading of individual wires, so where these dangers are present a
wire rope with an I.W.R.C. will normally give a longer life than one with F.C.

A rope with an I.W.R.C. is also superior in very hot working conditions, such as
steel making plant where the F.C. will soon dry out and cease to support the outer
strands. In general a rope with an I.W.R.C. has a breaking strength 8% higher than
a similar rope with F.C.
12
WIRE ROPE Measurement

Right Wrong
Across Crowns Across Flat Areas

13
WIRE ROPE TOLERANCES

These tolerances do not apply to elevator ropes.

DIAMETER OF WIRE ROPE Consult our Engineering Dept. on elevator
applications.
The components of a wire rope each has a
small but definite size tolerance. Therefore, Establishing wire rope safe working load.
the rope itself must have a diameter at least The Safe Working Load of wire rope can be
calculated by the following formula.
equal to the nominal, or catalog, size never
SWL = M.B.L.
smaller. Standard ropes may exceed the S.F.
nominal-diameter by the amounts shown Where :
below: M.B.L. = Wire Rope Minimum Breaking Load
S.F. = Safety Factor
NOMINAL UNDERSIZE OVERSIZE S.W.L. = Wire rope
DIAMETER INCHES INCHES
OF ROPE IN Remarks: The Safety Factor for the wire rope is
INCHES 5:1.
Example:
0 0 1/32
 A sample of 1” dia steel wire rope has a M.B.L.
of 40Tonnes. Determine the S.W.L.
1 3/16 1 1/8 0 3/64

Answer: Since the S.F. for the wire rope is 5:1

1 3/16 1 0 1/16 then
SWL = _40_ = 8Tons
1 9/16 - 2 0 3/32 5
SWL = 8Tons
2 5/16 and larger 0 1/8
The wire S.W.L. can be achieved using common
table produced by the wire rope mfg. a sample 14 of
such table is shown hereunder:
WHAT IS THE MEANING OF SAFE WORKING LOAD (S.W.L.)?

Safe Working Load (S.W.L.) is the WHAT IS THE CENTRE OF GRAVITY

load that can safely be lifted OF A LOAD?
provided your lifting equipment is
in good condition and has 3 items The Centre of Gravity of a Load in simple
terms is:
marked on it, i.e.
1. S.W.L. or WLL
THE CENTRE OF THE LOAD BY ITS
2. Identification No. WEIGHT
3. Colour Code
4. Test certificate OR
5. Good Condition
THE POINT OF BALANCE OF THE LOAD
If it does not have these 3 items
marked on it, N.B.
If the slinging points of the load are not
DO NOT USE IT clearly marked then trial lifts should be
made by slowly lifting the load just
clear of the ground, then check that the
Change it for items that do have these load is balanced and will not tip.
3 items marked on it. 15
CENTRE OF GRAVITY

Hook not over c.g. Suspended, Centered over c.g.

Unbalanced,
wrong
on ground sw
ing

Centre of Gravity
The load is not
balanced.
Balanced right

It will swing into

Wrong this position

Vertical Lift

Correct

16
The load is balanced
CENTRE OF GRAVITY

17
SLINGANGLES
SLING ANGLES

Sling angles are shown in

different ways in various
catalogs. Regardless of
how the sling angle is
stated, or the method used
to figure the stress in a
sling leg, the load rating
should be the same.

The following description applies to the

included angle measured between one sling and
a plumb line suspended from the hook.

A lot of misunderstanding results from the

change in carrying capacity of a sling when the
It is always good practice, within limits,
leg angle is changed. Actually, there is no
change in the tensile strength of the sling leg. to keep the sling leg angle as small as
What happens is that the operator is picking the possible. However, the length and width
load straight up or vertically, but the sling leg is of the load, the sling leg length or the
pulling at a disadvantage. For quick figuring in available headroom sometimes
the shop, a 30o included leg angle causes a determine the sling leg angle.
loss in lifting capacity of 15%.. . .45o leg angle
— 30% …. 60o leg angle — 50%. It’s not 100%
accurate, but easy to remember and slightly on
the safe side. 18
SLING ANGLES

Sling Load Chart

Reduction in lifting capacity when lifting with basket hitch due to

sling angle. Sling capacity decreases as angle increases.

REDUCTION IN LIFTING CAPACITY

Leg Angle A % of Reduction

30º 14%

45º 30%

60º 50%

75º 75%
19
SLING ANGLES

Operating Area

Don't use angle greater than 90˚

20
SLING ANGLES

If (L) is greater than (S) then sling angle is OK

21
STEEL WIRE ROPE SLING CAPACITY CHART

22
BASIC HITCHES

 Types of wire rope sling

 The wire rope sling has been manufactured in a variety of shapes to suit
different load configuration lift a single, two leg, three leg
WIRE ROPE SLING 3 BASIC HITCHES

90° max.

30° (3) Basket hitch

(1) Straight pull (2) Choke hitch (4) Basket hitch
SWL x 1.0 SWL x 0.8 Max.90° SWL x 1.4 parallel SWL x 2.0

23
SLING TYPE

 The following are other types of

Common used wire rope slings/

Soft Eye
Effective Length Soft Eye
Thimble Thimble

Endless

Mechanical Splice Reeving

Thimble Thimble

Brother
Soft Eye Slings
Thimble

24
ENDLESS SLING

An endless or grommet sling is made by joining the ends of the sling material to
form a loop.

For load to remain stable, weight must be evenly distributed.

Care must be taken to ensure slings do not slide and load remains stable.
SLING TYPE

Single Leg 2 Leg Bridle

3 Leg Bridle 4 Leg Bridle

26
BRIDLE HITCH

Bridle hitch is composed of two or more individual legs attached to a lifting hook or
gathered in a fitting.

This hitch provides good load stability when the load weight is distributed among
the legs and the hoisting hook is directly over the load's center of gravity.
BASKET HITCH Basket Hitch
Single Basket Double Basket Double Wrap Basket

A single basket hitch The sling legs must be It is ideal for lifting loose
must not be used to lift positioned fat-enough apart material, but make sure
loads that are difficult to to balance the load, but not the sling is not wrapped
balance. so far. over itself.
 CHOKER HITCH

Rigging a choker hitch is accomplished by passing a sling around the load and
through one eye or end fitting where it is then attached to a lifting hook.

It should NOT BE USED to lift loose material. The sling must not lay or wrap over
itself.

Single Choker Double Double

Choker Wrap Choker
CHOKER HITCH

When a load is hanging free, the normal angle of choke is approximately

135°.

When this angle is less, a reduction in the choker capacity MUST NOT
be made

Angle of Rated
Choice (degrees) Capacity (percent)

over 120 100

90-120 87
60-89 74
30-59 62
0-29 49
LOAD SOFTENERS

SUGGESTED
PACKINGS
a) Rubber tyres
b) Old Webbing
Slings
c) Wood

31
LOAD SOFTENERS

32
LOAD SOFTENERS

33
GENERAL RULES

1) Never use damaged slings. Inspect slings regularly to ensure

their safety.
2) Ensure all lifting gears be marked with an identification number
and their maximum capacity on a flat ferrule or permanently
attached ring.
3) Avoid sharp bends, pinching, and crushing. Use loops and
thimbles at all times.
4) Never allow wire rope slings, or any wire rope, to lie on the
ground for long periods of time or on damp or wet surfaces,
rusty steel, or near corrosive substances.
5) Avoid dragging slings out from underneath loads.
6) Keep wire rope slings away from flame cutting and electric
welding.
7) Never make slings from discarded hoist rope.
8) Avoid using single-leg wire rope slings with hand-spliced eyes.
9) Never wrap a wire rope completely around a hook. The sharp
radius will damage the sling.
GENERAL RULES

When stacking tubulars, insert timber

packing or similar to prevent
damaging the slings.

NEVER

1. Sling tubes of different diameters.

2. Sling a mixture of tubes, angle-flat bar, etc (in both cases the smaller
items will slip out).
3. Tighten the choke by hammering as this will increase the effective sling
angle thus weakening the sling.
WIRE ROPE INSPECTION

When carrying out inspections and

examinations therefore:

- The whole length of the rope should be

examined.

- Pay particular attention to the rope

adjacent to the terminations, lengths
that have been running or stationary
over drums, sheaves and deflection
pulleys and any other areas likely to
sustain damage.

- If you have any doubts about the safe

operation of the wire rope it should be
discarded.
WIRE ROPE INSPECTION

• Look for deformations caused

by snatch loading Look for
deformation;

• Check wire rope diameter;

• Examine carefully the length of

wire rope that runs through the
block, particularly the length that
lies on the pulley when the crane
is in a loaded condition;

• Examine for wire breaks or

surface wear;

• Examine for corrosion.

 WIRE ROPE DAMAGE

Figure 1 Figure 3 — External wear

Broken wires on the “crowns” of the strands of the rope

Figure 2 — Broken wires in the “valleys” (sometimes called Figure 4 — External corrosion
gussets or interstices) between the outer strands of the rope

38
WIRE ROPE DAMAGE

Figure 7
Figure 5 — Waviness Local increase in rope diameter due to core
protrusion

Figure 6 — Wire protrusion Figure 8 — Kink

39
WIRE ROPE DAMAGE

Figure 9 — Basket deformation Figure 10 — Strand protrusion

40
Figure 11 — Strand protrusion Figure 12 — Core protrusion
WIRE ROPE DAMAGE

Figure 14 — Flattened portion

Figure 13 — Kink

Figure 15 — Kink 41
HAND SIGNALS FOR CONTROLLING CRANE OPERATIONS

STOP. Arm extended, DOG EVERYTHING. Clasp MOVE SLOWLY. Use on hand to give
palm down, move arm any motion signal and place other
hands in front of body. hand motionless in front of hand
back and forth giving the motion signal. Hoist slowly
horizontally. shown as sample)

HOIST. With forearm vertical, LOWER. With arm extended USE MAIN HOIST.
forefinger pointing up, move downward, forefinger pointing Tap fist on head; then
hand in small horizontal circle. down, move hand in small use regular signals.
horizontal circles.
42
HAND SIGNALS FOR CONTROLLING CRANE OPERATIONS

USE WHIPLINE (AUXILIARY HOIST). RAISE BOOM. Arm LOWER BOOM. Arm extended
Tap elbow with one hand; then use extended, fingers closed, fingers closed, thumb
regular signals. thumb pointing upward. pointing downward.

SWING. Arm extended, LOWER THE BOOM AND

RAISE THE BOOM AND THE
point with finger in RAISE THE LOAD.
LOWER THE LOAD.
direction of swing of With an extended thumb
With arm extended, thumb
boom. pointing down, flex fingers
pointing up, flex fingers in
in and out as long as load
43
and out as long as load
movement is desired.
movement is desired.
HAND SIGNALS FOR CONTROLLING CRANE OPERATIONS

TRAVEL. Arm extended EXTEND BOOM. RETRACT BOOM

forward, hand open and (Telescoping Booms). (Telescoping Booms)
slightly raised, make Both fists in front of body Both fists in front of body
pushing motion in direction with thumbs pointing with thumbs pointing
of travel. outward. toward each other.

TRAVEL. (Crawler Crane, One Track).

TRAVEL. (Crawler Crane Both Lock the track on side indicated by
Tracks). Arm extended forward, EMERGENCY STOP.
raised fist, travel opposite track in
hand open and slightly raised, Arms extended, palms
direction indicated by circular motion
making pushing motion of travel down, move fore arms
of other fist rotated vertically in front
rapidly right and left.
of body (for crawler cranes only) 44
SYNTHETIC WEB SLINGS

Web sling are available in two materials nylon  Because of their flexibility, they tend to mold
and polyester (Dacron). Nylon is resistant to themselves to the shape of the load.
many alkalis whereas polyester is resistant to
may acids. Consult the manufacturer before Synthetic Web
Slings do not
using web slings in a chemical environment.
damage or
Nylon slings are more common but polyester crush loads.
slings are often recommended where headroom
is limited since they stretch only half as much
Synthetic web slings are not affected by
as nylon slings.
moisture and certain chemicals.
They do not rust and thus will not stain
Synthetic web slings often a number of ornamental pre-cast concrete or stone.
advantages for rigging purposes They are non-sparking and can be used
safety in explosive atmospheres.
 Their relative softness and width create much They are not minimize twisting and spinning
during lifting.
less tendency to mar or scratch finely Their light weight permits ease of rigging,
machined, highly machines, highly polished or their softness precludes hand cuts, and the
painted surfaces and less tendency to crush danger of harm from a free-swinging sling is
fragile objects than fibre rope, wire rope or minimal.
chain, slings.  They are elastic and stretch under load more
than either wire rope or chain and can thus
absorb heavy shocks and cushion of in cases
where sling stretching must be minimized, a
Synthetic Web sling of larger load capacity or a polyester
Slings do not sling should be used.
damage or  Synthetic web slings are available in a
crush loads. number of configurations useful in
construction.
45
TYPE OF WEB SLINGS

Choker Sling

Choker End Fittings

Triangle End Fittings

TWISTED EYE SLINGS
METAL END FITTINGS
In place of sewn eyes, web slings are available
with metal end fittings, the most common are
Triangle and choker attachment for the other
end. With this arrangement, choker and basket
as well as straight hitches may be rigged. Such
attachments help reduce wear in the sling eyes
and thus lengthen sling life.

46
TYPE OF WEB SLINGS

Tapered Eyes

STANDARD EYE-AND-EYE SLINGS

ENDLESS OR GROMMET SLINGS

Twisted Eye an eye-and-eye with twisted
terminations at both ends. The eye openings
Endless or Grommet Slings both ends of one
are at 900 to the plane of the sling body. This
piece of webbing lapped and sewn to forms a
configuration is available with either full-width
continuous piece. They can be uses as vertical
or tapered eyes.
hitches, bridle hitches, in choker arrangements
or as basket hitches. Because load contact
points can be shifted with every lift, wear is
evenly distributed and sling life extended.

47 47
SYNTHETIC WEB SLINGS INSPECTION

Inspect synthetic web slings regularly.

Damage is usually easy to detect. Cuts,
holes, tears, frays, broken stitching, worn
eyes and worn or distorted fittings, and
burns from acid, caustics or head are
immediately evident and signal the need for
replacement. DO NOT attempt repairs yourself.

Marking (Sling Identification) Each sling shall If the sling angle is too low
be permanently marked to show: the web can tear here

(a) Name or trademark of manufacturer

(b) Rated loads (rated capacities) for the types of hitches
used
(c) Type of synthetic web material.
A sling shall be REMOVED from service if damage such as the following is visible and shall
only be returned to service when approved by a designated person:
(a) Acid or caustic burns
(b) Melting or charring of any part of the sling
(c) Holes, tears, cuts, or snags
(d) Broken or worn stitching in loaf bearing splices.
(e) Excessive abrasive wear
(f) Knots in any part of the sling.
(g) Excessive pitting or corrosion, or cracked, distorted, or broken fittings. 48
(h) Other visible damage that causes doubt as to the strength of the sling.
49
50
EXAMINATION AND REMOVAL
CRITERIA

51
SYNTHETIC WEB SLINGS CAPACITY CHART

52
52
CODE of PRACTICE for WEBBING SLINGS

1) Only use slings which are clearly coded as to the safe working load, and make
sure the load to be moved is within the limits of the sling.
2) Inspect each sling before use. Do not use a sling which has signs of abrasion
or damage. Do not use a sling which has been weakened or softened by
chemical contact.
3) Never repair a flat webbing sling. Never repair a round sling with a damaged
outer cover.
4) Do not allow the sling to twist during lift.
5) Never overload the equipment.
6) Position the sling correctly. The sling must not be placed round sharp edges.
Do not let it slide over corners or along edges. Use protective edge covers on
any sharp or abrasive surfaces. Position the sling correctly to ensure easy
removal after use.
7) Do not drag the goods in a sling.
8) Keep slings away from alkalis and acids.
9) When lifting heavy cargo with more than one sling, remember to distribute the
total weight evenly where possible.

53
54
ALLOY STEEL CHAINS

Markings
Alloy Steel Chain

It must be marked with grade or manufacturer's mark

55
CHAINS INSPECTION

Chain slings are required to be inspected by a competent person

each day before being used, during use, and periodically with a
record kept. Inspection includes the chain itself and all
attachments for wear, nicks, cracks, breaks, gouges, stretching,
bending, twisting, weld spatter, corrosion, discoloration from
excessive temperature, and damage to hooks and hook latches.

Chain links and attachments must hinge freely.

Worn links shall not exceed values given in the table below.
Sharp transverse nicks and gouges should be rounded out by
grinding. The depth of grinding should not exceed values in the
fable below.
Repairs must only be made by the chain sling manufacturer or
qualified person, and be permanently marked to identify the
repairing agency.

56
CHAIN INSPECTION

To determine if the sling has been

stretched, measure the chain as
shown and compare the
measurement to the length or reach
listed on the identification tag.

Each alloy steel chain sling is

required to have an affixed, durable
identification tag.

57
SAFE USE OF CHAINS

ALWAYS
1.Use within the rated loads. Diameter of
2.Ensure the chain is free from twists before loading. the contact
area for
3.Secure redundant legs back in the master link to avoid basket and
snagging when travelling the load. choker
hitches
should be a
NEVER minimum of
10 times
1.Shorten the sling by knotting the chain. chain
2.Join the chain using a bolt. diameter.
3.Weld grade 80 chains or components.
4.Hammer a chain to straighten a link.
5.Subject the sling to dynamic or shock loads.

58
59
 SHACKLE INFORMATION

MANUFACTURERS LOGO

S.W.L. Stamp

HERE
Normally marked
as W.L.L. (Work Diameter of
Load Limit) Shackle

When pin screwed

hard tight no cap
here Screw threads must be
complete and good fit

60
SHACKLES TYPE:
SHACKLES TYPE:

BOW SHACKLE DEE SHACKLE

Screw Pin Round Pin

Screw Pin Round Pin
Anchor Shackle Anchor Shackle
Chain Shackle Chain Shackle

Safety Pin Safety Type

Anchor Shackle Chain Shackle

 Bolt and nut with safety lock shackles are used for load period of
connection or on water works.
61
 Bow shackles used for multiple slings while dee shackles used for single leg.
SHACKLE APPLICATION

62
 Shackle on Hook
Wrong

Correct

Wrong

Wrong

Use a Shackle

63
SHACKLE APPLICATION

 Absence of capacity or
identifying marks

 Bent or distorted pin

and/or body wear 10%

 Nicks, gouges or cracks pin

distortion
 Heat or chemical damage

 Body spread

 Reduction in diameter of spread

pin and/or body greater
than 10%
shoulder
flush 64
“SHACKLES”
“SHACKLES”

Examples of Damages that can occur in Shackles

Damaged
Threads
CRACKS

NO SWL STAMP
NOT CLEAR

Check shackle
table for
90% of
correct
Original
dimension
(minimum)

90% of
Original
(minimum)
65
SHACKLES SAFE WORKING LOAD CHART

66
EYE BOLT
MANUFACTURER’S LOGO

Eyebolts, one of the most widely used items of lifting gear have severe limitations
in usage and a high level of accidents occur as the result of misuse.
Check for dents, nicks cracks.

Diameter 1”

QT
Quenched & Tempered

F
05 Year of Manufacture
number is plant I.D.
letter is type of alloy.
WLL

Cracks under collar

Shank must be square

with face of collar

67
COLLAR EYE BOLTS

68 68
DYNAMO EYE BOLT

Non-shouldered eye bolts are only designed for vertical

loads.

69
COLLAR EYE BOLT INSTALLATION

Angular loading must be in the plane of the eye.

Plane of the eye

70
Safe Use of Eyebolts

Do not use the point of a hook in an eye bolt.

Use a shackle instead to attach the sling to the eye bolt.

Do not lift or pull loads with slings reeved from one eye bolt
to another. This will change the angle of loading on the eye
bolts and create added tension.

71
EYEBOLTS INSPECTION

Before use, eye bolts must be inspected visually by a

competent person. If any of the following conditions exist,
the eye bolt must be removed from service.

Bent or distorted eye or shank.

Nicks and gouges.
Obvious wear.
Worn, corroded and/or distorted threads.
Heat damage.
Absence of identifying marks.

In addition, tapped receiving holes must be cleaned and

inspected for thread wear and deterioration. Any alteration
or repair to eye bolts, such as grinding, machining,
welding, notching, stamping, etc. is not permissible. Eye
bolts which have visible signs that alterations or repairs
have been made must be removed from service and
should be destroyed.

72
EYEBOLTS INSPECTION

Examples of Damages that can occur in Eyebolts

CRACKS

CRACKS

Eye Distortion

Stripped and
Damaged Threads

73
“HOOK ”

HOOK INFORMATION

HERE
Normally marked as W.L.L.
(Work Load Limit)

MANUFACTURERS LOGO

74
 HOOK TYPE

SHUR – LOC EYE HOOK SLIDING CHOKER HOOK SORTING HOOK

SWIVEL HOOK
With Positive Locking Latch

SNAP HOOKS ROUND REVERSE EYE BARREL HOOKS

75
Back Load Tip Load
Right Wrong Side Load Wrong
“HOOK INSPECTION”

Hooks must be removed from service when any of the following

conditions exist:

• Cracks, nicks or gouges.

• Twist exceeding 10° from plane of unbent hook.
• Latch engagement, damage or malfunction.
• Throat opening exceeding 15%.
• Wear exceeding 10% of original dimension.
• Damage from heat.
• Unauthorized repairs. 76
“HOOKS INSPECTION”

Excessive
Wear On
Hook Eye
CRACKS

NO SWL

MISSING LATCH

THROAT SPREADING

77
“HOOK CAPACITY CHART ”

78
TURNBUCKLES

Eye Hook Jaw

Turnbuckles come with three types of end
fittings: eye, hook, and jaw. Both ends of a
turnbuckle can have the same type end
fitting or any two of the three. To prevent
rotation, turnbuckles may also be equipped
with locknuts. When used in hoisting and
rigging applications, turnbuckles should be
made from alloy steel or the equivalent,
and not welded. They must also be used in
a straight or in-line pull only.

Turnbackles can be sued to

level and distribute the load
among the sling legs.
A wire between the body
and end fitting will prevent
rotation.

79
LIFTING CLAMP

1) The lifting clamps are suitable for

usage in normal atmospheric
conditions, between -40°C en +100°C.
2) Never overload a clamp and prevent
the jerking of loads.
3) When loading always use the whole
jaw depth.
4) Never lift more than one plate at the
same time.
5) Always keep your distance during
lifting and descending of a load.
6) Prevent situations that anybody is
under the load.
7) Any welding to the clamp is forbidden,
this can influence the hardness and
toughness of the clamp.

80
LIFTING CLAMP

81
“CHAIN BLOCK & LEVER HOIST ”

Read and understand the operation and maintenance manual and all warning
labels before using the hoist. Failure to do so could potentially result in injury
or death.

CHAIN BLOCK LEVER HOIST

82
CHAIN BLOCK BS 3243

Suspended Built in
Types of Chain Blocks:

Method of Attachment:

The block may be of 'suspended' or 'built

in' pattern:

- Suspended types have a top hook,

shackle, eyebolt or other fitting by which
the block is hung and which allows a
degree of articulation between the block
and the supporting structure.

- Built in types are usually combined with a

purpose made travelling trolley, although a
direct connection to the supporting
structure may also be possible. The
connection between the block and the
trolley or structure is usually rigid. 83
“CHAIN HOIST SAFETY TIPS”

Read and understand the operation and maintenance manual and all warning labels
before using the hoist. Failure to do so could potentially result in injury or death.

Never lift more than the Never use a hoist for lifting, Never use a hoist if
rated capacity. supporting or transporting people. damaged or malfunctioning.

Never lift or transport Never operate unless the load Never use the hoist chain
loads over or near people. is centered under the hoist. as a sling.
88
“CHAIN HOIST SAFETY TIPS”

Read and understand the operation and maintenance manual and all warning labels
before using the hoist. Failure to do so could potentially result in injury or death.

Never completely lower Never run the load chain over Never raise hook so that it
chain to full tension. a sharp edge. touches the hoist body.

Never touch live electrical Never remove or obscure

parts. warning labels.

89
SLINGING
SLINGINGPROCEDURES
PROCEDURE

1. Assessing the weight of the load.

Before starting any lifting always know the weight of the

load to be lifted, usually is marked on the packing case, it
not use a weighting device (S.L.I) or check the manifest or
loading list.

2. Checking the route or path.

Always check the path that the load will be traveling
through, look out for overhead obstructions or personnel
working in the vicinity. Make sure that they are aware of the
lift that is going on, and always ensure that wooden bearers
or similar are available and in position to land the lift.

86
SLINGING
SLINGINGPROCEDURES
PROCEDURE

3. Select your lifting material.

Select your lifting equipment, ensuring that it has the 3
items on the, i.e. colour code, S.W.L. & I.D. markings, if it
does not do not use it, change it for lifting equipment that
does have these 3 items on it.

4. Inspection of your lifting equipment

Now, that you have selected your lifting equipment, check it
for wires broken, nicks or gouges in you shackles and
generally badly worn equipment.

87
SLINGING PROCEDURES

5. Centre of gravity
The centre of gravity of any lift can usually be found
already marked on its lifting case, however, if it is
not, a trial lift should be carried out worn equipment.

6. Controlling the load

In any lifting operation it is essential that control
of the load is maintained at all times. To ensure this
the use of a tagline is most important, as a rigger it
is your responsibility to make sure that all lifting
operations do have at least 1 No. Tagline attached.

88
LIFTING
LIFTINGOPERATION
OPERATION

7. Positioning the hook of the crane

Using the correct crane signal the appointed banks man will
center the hook over the centre of the gravity, ensuring that
the crane operator is able to see him at all times during the lift.

8. Taking the weight.

The appointed banks men will again check the path of the
lift ensuring that it is clear, when he is satisfied it is safe to
continue, he will take the weight of the lift and “float” the
lift, checks will be made to make sure that the load will not
slip, when the banks man is sure everything is secure, he will
instruct the crane operator to move the load using the
correct crane signals.

89
LIFTING OPERATION

9. Safety Awareness
When carrying out any lifting operation, always expect trouble,
if you are aware that something could go wrong, then you will
be able to react that much quicker.

10. Traveling the load

Now that you have started moving the load you must ensure
that the crane operator can see you at all times. On
completion of the traveling of the load, always ensure that the
wooden blocks or anything that will enable you remove your
slings safely are positioned correctly.

90
LIFTING OPERATION

11. Landing the load

On completion of traveling the load, instruct the crane
operator to “ stop” the load movement, position the load
above the wooden blocks, then instruct the crane operator
to lower the loads “slowly” until the load has been landed
safely. Once the load has been landed you can safely remove
the slings, coil or roll them up and stow them safely away
until then next time.

91
Bad Practices and Short Cuts

USE ENOUGH PARTS OF LINE FOR HEAVY

LIFTS AND CHECK ALL LINES, SLINGS,
LIFT ONE LOAD AT A TIME. Do not lift two AND CHAINS FOR CORRECT
or more separately rigged loads at one time, ATTACHMENT. To obtain maximum lifting
even if the loads are within the rated crane capacities the hook block must be set up with
capacity. enough parts of line. NO LESS THAN TWO
WRAPS of wire rope should remain on the hoist
drum. When slings, ties, hooks, etc., are used,
make certain they are correctly positioned and
secured before raising or lowering the loads.
92
 Danger, Be Aware of
Suspended Loads

They Can Kill “YOU”

Keep everyone away from suspended loads.

Allow no one to walk under a load.
Ensure that all slings, shackles, and hooks
are correctly placed and secured before
raising or the load.
Use tag lines, as appropriate, for positioning
and restraining loads. Check the load slings
before lifting.

93
SAFE WORKING PROCEDURES FOR BANKSMEN

1. Everything possible should be done to ensure the complete safety of the

crane and all personnel.
2. Ensure crane operator and banks man are familiar with signals to be
used.
3. Be aware of obstructions within crane outreach and working area.
4. Be aware of wind speed (pressure).
5.Know the weight of the load and become familiar with single line
maximum loads. When lifting personnel, ensure safety catch is fitted to
the hook and is in good working order.
6. Stand in a position where the crane operator clearly sees you. If your
instructions are not being followed, i.e. the crane stops, it may well be
that the crane operator has lost sight of your signals.
7. Check that lifting gear being used is slung correctly to the load.
8. When lifting, stop load just clear of deck to check balance and security
of load before carrying on.
94
SAFE WORKING PROCEDURES FOR BANKSMEN

9. Always use clear and distinct signals to control lifting operations and in
poor light conditions exaggerate all crane signals.
10. Warn other personnel in the area of the movement of the load.
11. Ensure all hands are free from the lifting gear and strand clear before
the crane take the load.
12. Do not stand between the load being lifted/lowered and any
obstruction.
13. Make it clear to the crane operator when the load has to be moved and
placed. If possible precede each load to its destination.
14. Never stand beneath a suspended load or allow other persons to do so.
15. Keep a check on other activities within the cranes operating area to
avoid development of unforeseen hazards.
16. If anything out of the ordinary occurs STOP-CHECK.

95
SAFE WORKING PROCEDURES FOR BANKSMEN

17. If the crane stops and your instructions are not being followed, it may
be that the crane operator has been given a signal to stop by someone
who has seen a situation developing which you have missed.
18. When banking use extreme caution when the crane is approaching its
minimum radius.
19. Become familiar with maximum boom angles.
20. Do not slew drag loads over the deck as this imposes severe side
stresses onto the crane boom.
21. Ensure the crane operator never leaves the crane unattended with a
load on the hook.
22. Never instruct cranes to slew outboard when divers are in the vicinity.
23. Ensure crane is manned at all times when supply bots are tied up in
case a quick cast off is required.

96
SAFE WORKING PROCEDURES FOR BANKSMEN

24. Ensure the helicopter landing officers are consulted before working in
vicinity of helicopter.
25. When working with supply boats the ultimate decision is with the
supply boat captain, although consultation must take place with the
OIM/crane operator/captain.
26. When preparing a loaf for lifting , keep the crane hook well clear of
personnel.
27. Do not ride on a hook or a load and do not allow anybody to do so.

97
FACTORS THAT ALTER
THE CRANES RATED
CAPACITY

98
CONFIGURATION OF CRANE BASE

The capabilities listed in the load chart depend on the crane’s base
(how it is set up) as follows:
Carrier-Mounted Cranes
(including lattice boom, hydraulic boom and rough terrain units)

99
CONFIGURATION OF CRANE BASE

CRAWLER MOUNTED CRANE

BOOM TRUCKS

100
101
INCREASE LOAD OF RADIUS

Load chart ratings apply only when the hoist line is vertical at all times and the load
is freely suspended during the lift. If the line is not vertical, Regardless of the
reason, capacity is lost. Example of the following conditions produce non-vertical
hoist lines which result in increased load radius and reduced capacity.

Reaching beyond the vertical extends

the load radius and tends to draw the
boom forward and decreases the
crane’s capacity. It will tip or tail more
easily and with a lower hook load than
listed in the load chart for the boom tip
radius.

102
INCREASE OF LOAD RADIUS

Rapid swing causes increases

load radius which decreases
stability and reduces capacity.

Lifting inside the boom tip radius puts a

load component on the boom that acts
to tip it backward. After the load is clear
of the ground it will swing out increasing
the radius and tend to tip the crane
forward/

103
SIDELOADING

Load chart ratings apply only when the load is

picked up directly under the boom tip, side-
loading occurs and decreases capacity. This
applies to both lattice and telescopic booms and
failure. It usually causes structural failure and
always occurs without warning.

Weak Strong

Full boom
strength is only Boom is very
achieved under weak from the
vertical loads side

104
SIDELOADING

Side loading
occurs when the
crane is not level.

Side loading occurs when a

load is dragged or pulled
sideways. This can buckle
the boom. Damage the swing
mechanism of overturn the
crane if the boom is at a high
angle.

105
 IMPACTLOADING
IMPACT LOADING AND
AND RAPID
RAID ACCELERATION
ACCELERATION OR DECELERATION
OR DECELERATION OF LOAD OF LOAD

Load chart capacities do not allow for sudden The following situations create such conditions and
starting or stopping of the load, impact loading reduce crane capacity below the chart ratings.
or sudden machine movements.
• Sudden release of a load causes a rapid
change in load and impact loading. Crane • Sudden snatching of
will recoil initially, then full weight of load a load causes impact
will suddenly be applied to the hook. The loading and the hoist
result can be overturning or structural rope or boom can fail.
failure. This same thing can happen when a
frozen, caught or stuck load is pulled and
suddenly breaks free.

Rapid hoist
acceleration
produces hook • Sudden release of a
loads higher load causes the boom
than the actual to recoil and perhaps
load weight. topple.

Place all loads gently

to allow boom deflection
and pendant stretch to
gradually return to normal.
106
IMPACT LOADING AND RAPID ACCELERATION OR DECELERATION OF LOAD

• Rapid stopping of the load

produces hook loads higher
than the actual load weight .

• “Pick and carry” operations subject the carrier

and boom to shock loads. In order to ensure
Brakes that the chart capabilities are not exceeded ,
applied move the crane and load as smoothly as
Stopping possible.
distance
Load
stops.

107
HIGH WIND SPEEDS

Almost all crane manufacturers specify in the load

chart that chart ratings must be reduced under Boom strength is most
windy conditions, and they may also recommend a affected when the wind
shut-down wind velocity. In almost all cases a
is from the side.
when the wind speed exceeds 30 mph, it is
advisable to stop operations.

Wind affects both the crane and the load, reducing

the rated capacity of the crane. Never make a full SAE XJI 093 specifies
capacity lift if it is windy. Use a great deal of that booms be designed
discretion even when lifting under moderate wind to withstand their full
conditions of 20 mph. rated load plus a side
load equal to 2% of the
It is advisable to avoid handling loads that present rated load plus a 20 mph
large wind-catching surfaces. The result could be wind from the side.
loss of control of the load and crane even though Boom strength is
the weight of the load is within the normal capacity therefore adequate to
of the crane. handle winds from the
side up to 20 mph but
A 20 mph wind exerts a force of only 1 1/8 lb/ft2 on no allowance is made
a flat-surfaced load (tile force on a 4 ft. by 3 ft. for the effect of the wind
sheet of plywood = 36 lbs.) so only loads having on the load.
very large sail areas would require crane capacity
de-rating. At 30 mph, however, the wind exerts a
force of 2.53 lb/ft2 of flat surface area (equals 80
lbs. on a sheet of 4ft. by 8ft. plywood). This wind
force on the load at 30 mph is enough to cause
non-­vertical hoist lines and loads that are very
difficult to control.

108
HIGH WIND SPEEDS

Wind loading on the crane can be critical Wind affects crane stability in 2 ways.
depending on such factors as the boom (1) Crane stability ratings are, determined without
length, boom angle, bulkiness of the load, taking wind loads on the crane structure into
and direction and velocity of the wind. account.
(2) Wind on the lifted load is not considered.
Forward
stability is the
Backward stability is the
critical critical factor when the wind
consideration is from the front, particularly
when the wind when the boom is at or
is from behind approaching maximum boom
the boom. It angle. The wind forces on
applies a force
to the boom and
the boom reduce the forward
to the load that tipping effect normally
adds to the Provided by the boom.
overturning
moment of the
Effect of wind on the crane. This has
load increases the the same effect The effect of the wind on the
load radius and as adding load load reacts at the boom tip by
reduces capacity. to the hook. creating a backward tipping
load.

109
PRECAUTIONS

Precautions for all four types of crane include:

- Suitability of the Crane : Consideration will need to be given to the

following factors when deciding which crane is most suitable for the
planned lift.
- Weight of the load and the safe working load (SWL) of the crane.
- The distance the load is away from the crane.
- Any wind loading that may occur.
- Size ,shape and stability of the load.
- Distance to be moved.
- Stability or strength of the surface upon which it is going to be erected.
- Condition of a crane ,e.g. wear.
- Condition of ground e.g. on a slope, obstacles in path ,etc:
- Whether it is a one –off or repeated lift.

110
COMMON HAZARDS

 Unsuitable support or inadequate base for crane.

 Ground bearing capacities, position of basements, underground
services, weather conditions…..
 Lack of maintenance.
 Overloading.
 Contact, e.g. Overhead electricity cables, other buildings, etc.;
 Incorrect positioning of crane, e.g. On soft ground, too far away from
load.
 Improper methods of use of crane, e.g. Use in high wind.
 Incorrect signals by the signaller (banksman).
 Personnel working at or near the track of an overhead travelling crane.
 Limitations of height or reach on site.
 Use and storage of fuel storage facilities.
 Contact with persons below the lifting area.

111