COURSE CODE: BOT - 4411

COURSE TITLE: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

COURSE INCHARGE: MS SAIMA IBRAHIM

ENVIRONMENT
AN OVERVIEW
 LEARNING OBJECTIVE & EXPECTED
OUTCOME
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
The main Objectives of this lecture is to facilitate
understanding of how human societies and economies rely on
the environment, how humans affect their environment and
how to control the disaster or these issues.

EXPECTED OUTCOMES:
By the end of this lecture students will understand the
countless interactions among both biotic and abiotic
components of ecosystems. Student will also be able to
objectively assess the role that humans have played in
changing the natural environment, especially during the last
few centuries
 Environment Refers to the
surroundings of an object or
living and non-living things
occurring naturally on earth.
 ENVIRONMENT Is The Sum
Total of all the External Forces,
Influences And Conditions,
Which Affect Life, Nature,
Behavior And Growth,
Development And Maturation of
Living Organisms.
ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURE

Degradation Development
Environmental
Of Land And Forests
Pressure

Reduction
Growing Need To
Of Genetic
Population Ground Water
Diversity

Agricultural Air And

Poverty Water
Growth
Population
FATE OF SOLAR ENERGY
A portion of the energy (26% globally) is reflected or
scattered back to space by clouds and other
atmospheric particles.
About 19% of available energy is absorbed by
clouds, gases (i.e., ozone) & Atmospheric particles .
Of the remaining 55% of the solar energy passing
through the Earth's atmosphere,
4% is reflected from the surface back to space.
On average, about 51% of the Sun's radiation
reaches the surface. This energy is then used in a
number of processes, including the heating of the
ground surface; the Melting of Ice & Snow and the
Evaporation of water; and Plant Photosynthesis.
 AIR
POLLUTION
SECONDARY AIR POLLUTION

ACID RAIN FORMATION PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG

GREEN HOUSE EFFECT OZONE LAYER DEPLETION
ACID RAIN FORMATION PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG

GREEN HOUSE EFFECT OZONE LAYER DEPLETION

 OZONE
DEPLETION
Depletion of the ozone layer
pose many threats to human
health and life on earth.

The depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer will

increase the hazards of ULTRAVIOLET
RADIATION that reaches Earth’s surface.
Ultraviolet radiation impacts on Humans,
Animals, Plants and Building materials.
 Five Products that cause Ozone Depletion
1. INHALERS: Medical device for injecting
medicine into the body via lungs. It contains CFC
as propellant.
2. FIRE EXTINGUISHER: It contain Halo-
Alkanes that are a threat to the ozone layer.
3. AEROSOL HAIRSPRAYS: Chemical cocktails
of solvents, glues, polymers, and propellants.
4. WASP AND HORNETS SPRAYS: Pest control
spray, use CFCs and HCFCs as a propellant.
5. FOAM INSULATION PRODUCT: Used in
electronic appliances such as refrigerators and air
conditioners and in pipe insulation, it consists of
HCFC blowing agents.
CHLORINE-CATALYZED REACTIVE GASES OF
OZONE DEPLETION ROCKET EXHAUST
MECHANISM CONSUME OZONE

Reactive gases (X) that

constitute Rocket Exhaust
consume Ozone.
These gases are Cl-, NOX,
OH- . They can destroy many
ozone molecules before finally
being removed from the
stratosphere.
GREEN HOUSE
EFFECT
 WATER
POLLUTION
 WATER POLLUTION
SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION
INDIRECT TYPES OF WATER
DIRECT SOURCES include POLLUTION
SOURCES Contaminants that
include Effluent Oil Spills
enter the water supply
Outfalls from from Soils & Chemical Spills
Factories, Groundwater Systems Blue-green Algae
Refineries, & from Atmosphere Dirty Drinking Water
Waste via Rain Fall. Dumped Waste,
Treatment Soils and ground Salinity
Plants that emit waters contains
fluids directly Agricultural Practices
Nuclear Testing And
into Urban Radio-active Waste
Residues (Fertilizers,
Water Supplies. Pesticides) and Damming Rivers
Improperly Disposed Sewage
LAND POLLUTION
 SOURCES LAND POLLUTION
accumulation of animal manures, chemical
Agriculture
fertilizers and residues of harvested crops.
using of explosives to blow up mines which
Mining
emits toxic byproducts & leaks to ground.
Sewage improper sanitation system causes sludge to
Sludge leak at surrounding soil .
improper method of dredging at fertile
Dredged land causes soil infertility, leaving the soil more
Spoils prone to pollution.
improper waste disposal system causes waste
Household
accumulation & improper sanitation.
non biodegradable debris which undergo
Construction
chemical reactions and increase soil toxicity
poisonous/toxic emissions of gases which are
Industrial
not filtered or neutralized.
SEDIMENT POLLUTION
 NOISE POLLUTION

SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTION

 SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTION
Road Traffic Motors And Exhaust System Of Autos , Smaller
Noise Trucks, Buses, And Motorcycles.
Air Craft Noise Low Flying Military Aircraft
Noise From Locomotive Engines, Horns And Whistles,
Railroad Switching & Shunting Operation In Railyards
Pneumatic Hammers, Air Compressors,
Construction
Bulldozers, Loaders, Dump Trucks (And Their
Noise
Back-up Signals), And Pavement Breakers.
Noise In Fans, Motors, And Compressors Mounted On The
Industry Outside Of Industrial Buildings
Noise In Plumbing, Boilers, Generators, Air Conditioners,
Building And Fans.
Consumer
Vacuum Cleaners And Kitchen Appliances
Products Noise
 HOSPITAL WASTE
World Health Organization (WHO)
classified medical waste into different categories.
INFECTIOUS: material-containing pathogens in sufficient
quantities that, if exposed, can cause diseases. This includes waste
from surgery and autopsies on patients with infectious diseases.
SHARPS: disposable needles, syringes, saws, blades, broken glasses,
nails or any other item that could cause a cut.
PATHOLOGICAL: tissues, organs, body parts, human flesh, fetuses,
blood and body fluids.
PHARMACEUTICALS: drugs/chemicals returned from wards,
spilled, outdated, contaminated, or are no longer required.
RADIOACTIVE: solids, liquids and gaseous waste contaminated
with radioactive substances used in diagnosis and treatment of
diseases like toxic goiter.
OTHERS: waste from the offices, kitchens, rooms, including bed
linen, utensils, paper, etc.
POLLUTED AREAS OF WORLD

BAGHDAD BRUNEI DHAKA

KARACHI MAXICO CITY

NIGERIA MUMBAI NEW DEHLI

POLLUTED AREAS OF KARACHI
 Pinus forest Sub tropical
Pine forest dry forest

Tropical thorn

FOREST
forest

MANAGEMNT Riparian forest

Mangrove wetland Riparian forest

CONIFEROUS FORESTS consist chiefly of trees that produce
cones: Pines, Spruces, and Cedars. Coniferous forest ecosystems
are found in regions of somewhat long and cold winters, with much
shorter summer. This biome is also found in high mountains, where
temperatures tend to be lower, and winter tends to last longer.
The TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL DRY BROADLEAF
FOREST is located at tropical and subtropical latitudes. Though
these forests occur in climates that are warm year-round, and may
receive several hundred centimeters of rain per year, they have long
dry seasons which last several months and vary with geographic
location. These seasonal droughts have great impact on all living
things in the forest.
A RIPARIAN FOREST is a forested area of land adjacent to a
body of water such as a River, Stream, Pond, Lake, Marshland,
Estuary, Canal, Sink or Reservoir.
DEFORESTATIO
N
SAVE ENVIRONMENT SAVE
LIFE
REFERENCES:
1. Newman, E.I. 2001. Applied Ecology. Blackwell Science. UK
2. Mooney, H.A. and Saugier, B. 2000. Terrestrial Global
Productivity. Academic Press, UK.
3. Eugene, E.D. and Smith, B.F. 2000. Environmental Science: A
study of interrelationships. McGraw Hill.
4. French, H. 2000. Vanishing Borders: Protecting the Planet in the
Age of Globalization. W.W. Norton & Company, NY.
5. Hall, C.A.S. and Perez, C.L. 2000. Quantifying Sustainable
Development. Academic Press, UK.
6. Bazzaz, F.A. 2004. Plants in changing environments: Linking
physiological, population & community ecology. Camb. Univ. Press.
7. Bush, M.B. 1997. Ecology of changing planet. Prentice Hall, UK.
8. Lambers, H., T. L. Pons and F. Stuart. 2008. Plant Phyiological
Ecology.