Using Evidence and

Citing Sources
What is evidence?
• Evidence = information that helps explain
and prove your ideas.

Types of evidence include the following:

• Specific Examples
• Facts
• Statistics
• Opinions from experts
• Maps, charts, graphs
What are three ways to use evidence?
• Quote it
place in quotation marks everything that come
directly from the text.
• Paraphrase it
restate the idea in your own words.
• Cite it
give the source where you found your
information
http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/writing_plagiarism.html
 Terms to know…
It’s important to tell where you found
your evidence.
• Not citing your sources= plagiarism
• Plagiarism is stealing because you
are
using another person's words, ideas, or
images without giving credit to that
person.
Citing your sources = telling where you
found your evidence
 What is plagiarism?

Deliberate Plagiarism
1. rewriting from books or articles.
2. copying and pasting from web pages
and online sources to create a patchwork
writing.
3. buying, downloading, or borrowing a
paper.
 Accidental Plagiarism

1. not knowing when and how to cite.

2. not knowing how to paraphrase or
summarize.
3. not knowing what “common
knowledge” is.
4. recycling an old paper.
What information needs to be cited?
• OK to use common knowledge –
facts that can be found in many
places and are likely to be known by
a lot of people.
• Not OK to use another person's
ideas, opinions, theories, statistics
facts or spoken words which hare
not common knowledge.
Source
a term used to describe the
place where information is
found such as in an article,
book, or website.
• citation (noun) = information about a
book or article such as the title, author, and
date which someone can use to find the same
book or article.
• to cite, citing (verb) = to tell where you
found your evidence and information.
• MLA style = a specific way to format
citations and bibliographies used in English
literature classes.
• common knowledge - facts that can be found
in many places and are likely to be known by
a lot of people.
What are In-Text Citations or Parenthetica
Citations?

An in-text citation identifies the source where

you took a specific quotation, fact, idea, or
opinion.
In-text citations are also called parenthetical
citations because they appear in parentheses

For Example:
One author claims that “no one is concerned
with this issue” (Jones 45).
In-Text Citation vs. Foot/Endnotes

 In-text citations lead readers to specific

works listed on the Works Cited page.
 Footnotes and endnotes provide readers w
the explanatory information:
 Content notes offer additional comments,
information, insight, etc., not provided in the te
 Bibliographic notes provide information on
additional sources or comments on other sour
When do I use an in-text citation?

1. You directly quote a source.

2. You paraphrase a source (even if you chang
word order and replace words with synonym
3. You use an idea from a source. Because the
is not originally yours, it belongs to the autho
the source and must be cited.
4. You use information that is not common
knowledge.
 What are the features of an in-text
citation/parenthetical citation?
Example:
She said, “This is a quote” (Burkhart 1) .
• The citation includes the author’s name and pa
• The end punctuation mark goes AFTER the citat
not inside of the quotation marks.
• In-text citations refer the reader to an entry on
Works Cited page
Burkhart, Mary. Tips for Writing Consultants. Scra
Scranton Books, 2008. Print.
 Fairy Tales
by Hans Christian Anderson

Once upon a time there was a girl.

Here is a source.
To use a direct quote do this:
I just read a book that
begins “Once upon a time there was a girl”
(Anderson 2).
This tells you the author.
“Once upon a time there was a girl”. Fairy Tales by
Hans Christian Anderson
The quotation marks show you that these words ar
written the exact same as the original source.
This tells you the page number.
What is a Work Cited page?

• Also called a bibliography.

• Located at the end of your essay.

• Contains enough information

that the reader can find the
source you are citing.
Remember:

• You can paraphrase your evidence or

you can directly quote your evidence,
but you must always tell where you
found the information by giving an in-
text citation.

• Remember, telling where you found

your information is called citing your
sources.
How do I create a Works Cited page?
• Citations are listed alphabetically according to
irst word in the entry
• Citations are double-spaced
• Use hanging indentation; this is the opposite of
how you indent a paragraph. The first line takes
he entire line and then every line after it is inden
spaces.
or example:
ruth, Sojourner. Narrative of Sojourner Truth. Ed
Margaret Washington. New York: Vintage, 1993.
Print.
• Websites like www.easybib.com help you crea
an MLA works cited citation.
How do I create in-text citations?

• Your citation goes at the END of the

SENTENCE, not directly after the quote.

• Although “this is a quote,” it is not

very interesting (Galbraith).
What if my quote is really long?

• Any quote OVER 4 typed lines needs to be

the following format:
You will leave off the quote marks. You
will also indent the whole thing into a
block like you see here. You will place the
citation outside the punctuation
mark, which is different from regular
citations. (Galbraith 1)
hat if I am directly quoting a source,
need to change a word?
f you need to change a word inside of
quote, use [brackets]:
We didn’t always live on Mango
eet” (Cisneros 3).
[Esperanza] didn’t always live on
ngo Street” (Cisneros 3).
ow do I quote something that
ready uses quotation marks?
When quotation marks already appear
round the text (such as in dialogue),
ou will punctuate it like this:
Stop,’ yelled Amanda” (Smith 27).
-- Single quotation marks surround the dialogue.
--Double quotation marks surround the entire
uoted material .
w do I integrate quotes into my writing?
ntroduce the information with a complete
tence followed by a colon.
ntroduce the information with an introductory
ement, followed by a comma.
Weave the information into a sentence.
 tegrating Quotes
Write a complete sentence followed by a colon
you make a statement using a complete
tence, you can support your statement with
uote in the following fashion:

umans are a major cause of global

rming: “Our dependency on petroleum
ed products is a major issue when it
mes to global warming” (Adams 17) .
egrating Quotes
rite an introductory statement, followed by
mma.
you want to introduce something that was
or thought, you would use the following
gration technique:
cording to Dr. Matthew Price, “AIDS
s are increasing among American
agers" (12-13).
ntegrating Quotes
Make the quote part of the sentence
elf.
You can weave your quotation into the
ntence itself in the following
nner:
Blood Diamonds are often “trafficked
oss the borders of politically
stable countries” in order to make a
ofit (Stevenson 13).
 Practice
• Turn to page 4 and practice citing your
sources
and embedding quotations into your
writing.
• When you finish, place this handout in
the
Notes section of your binder.