Lesson 1: Emilio Jacinto's

Kartilla ng Katipunan
[Declaration of Principles]
Emilio Jacinto
• - A Filipino General during the Philippine
Revolution
• - He was one of the highest-ranking
officer in the Philippine Revolution and
was one of the highest-ranking officers of
the revolutionary society Kataas-taasan,
Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga
Anak ng Bayan, or simply and more
popularly called Katipunan, being a
member of its Supreme Council.
Kartilla
• served as the guidebook for new members of the organization,
which laid out the group's rules and principles. The first edition
of the Kartilya was written by Andres Bonifacio. Emilio
Jacinto later pen a revised Decalogue.
KARTILLA
http://www.philippinemasonry.org/kartilya-ng-katipunan.html
Lesson 2: Excerpt from
Apolinario Mabini's The
Philippine Revolution:
Chapters 9 and 10
Apolinario Mabini
• - Filipino revolutionary leader, educator,
lawyer and statesman who served first as a
legal and constitutional adviser to the
Revolutionary Government, and then as the
first Prime Minister of the Philippines
upon the establishment of the First
Philippine Republic.
• - He is regarded as the "Utak ng
Himagsikan" or "Brain of the
Revolution".
• - Mabini performed all his revolutionary
and governmental activities despite having
lost the use of both his legs to polio shortly
before the Philippine Revolution of 1896.
•
PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
• The Philippine Revolution is one of the most important events in the country’s history,
awakening a proud sense of nationalism for generations of Filipinos to come. In a
period of heavy struggle and conflict, Filipinos of different backgrounds united with a
common goal: to resist colonialism.
• The revolution against Spain was sparked in 1896 after Spanish authorities discovered
the “Katipunan,” a Filipino revolutionary society plotting against their colonizers. It
ended in 1902, where Spain lost and ceded sovereignty of the Philippines to the United
States.
The Kataipunan: the secret organization that initiated the
revolt
• Andres Bonifacio was the Supreme of the Katipunan (association), or as it was also
known: Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
(Highest and Most Venerated Association of the Sons and Daughters of the Land).
• Before Katipunan was established, both Bonifacio and Rizal were part of ‘La Liga
Filipina’ – a progressive organization initiated by Rizal that sought peaceful reforms.
• The anti-colonial secret organization eventually attracted people from lower and middle
classes across the country, enjoining them in an armed revolt against Spain.
A series of bloody revolts

• After the discovery of the Katipunan, Spanish authorities made several arrests to
identify their members. Bonifacio and his fellows were planning a nationwide revolt.
This led to an event called the ‘Cry of Pugad Lawin’, where revolutionaries took part
in a mass tearing of cedulas (community tax certificates), symbolizing their fight
against Spain.
• Bonifacio simultaneously planned an attack on Manila. However they were caught off
guard, as though the revolutionaries were greater in number, the Spanish authorities
were more armed.
• Bonifacio continued with his plan despite the failure in his first attempt. The revolt
flared up in the surrounding provinces, including Central Luzon, San Juan del Monte
and Southern Tagalog (which is why this is also known as the Tagalog War).
• After several unsuccessful revolts, rebels in Cavite finally had a taste of victory. Under
Emilio Aguinaldo (mayor of Cavite El Viejo) and Mariano Alvarez (Bonifacio’s uncle),
the Philippine Revolution was in full swing.
Internal struggles, conflicts, and a surprising turn of
events
• Rivalries emerged between commanders and territories, creating big rifts in the
association. The Katipunan divided into two councils, namely the Magdiwang and
Magdalo – that is, those who favoured Aguinaldo and those who favoured Bonifacio.
• To settle the leadership dispute, the Tejeros Convention was established. This
assembly of officials was intended to unite the two factions and elect officers for the
revolutionary government. After a makeshift election, Bonifacio lost to Aguinaldo and
leadership was turned over to him.
A rival government

• Bonifacio soon set out to Naic, Cavite, where he established a rival government
against Aguinaldo. Newly recognised as the leader of the revolution, he issued a coup
d’etat against Aguinaldo’s government. Upon learning this, Aguinaldo ordered the official
arrest of Bonifacio.
• Bonifacio was captured and found guilty of sedition and treason by the War Council.
They were soon executed near Maragondon.
• Aguinaldo and his fellows soon established the Republic of Biak-na-Bato and drafted
the first constitution.
• They came up with a pact that called for an end to the revolution, which was positively
favored by the Spanish Governor-General. The pact’s agenda included: the surrender of
weapons to revolutionaries, amnesty, exile for leaders, and payment to the
revolutionaries worth $400,000 USD.
• While the Spanish kept their word, other revolutionary generals took arms – the
Philippines was still not independent.
The arrival of the Americans and the Declaration of
Independence
• April 1898 marked the second phase of the Philippine Revolution. After a US Navy
warship exploded and sunk in Havana harbor, the Americans declared a war against
Spain known as the Spanish-American War.
• The US Navy’s Asiatic Squadron, led by Commodore George Dewey, sailed to Manila
and defeated the Spanish Navy. In just a few hours all Spanish ships were destroyed and
the US gained control of the Philippine capital.
• June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo declared the country’s independence and the birth of the
Philippine Republic. From his balcony in his house in Kawit, Cavite, the Philippine
flag was unfurled. The Philippines’ National Anthem, “Lupang Hinirang” was first
heard by the Filipino people.
• It was December of that year when the Spanish government ceded the Philippines to
the United States through the Treaty of Paris . While it ended the Spanish-American
War, the Americans took possession of the Philippines. Independence had not really
been achieved.
• To sum it up, the Revolution failed because it was badly led; because its leader won his
post by reprehensible rather than meritorious acts; because instead of supporting the
men most useful to the people, he made them useless out of jealousy. Identifying the
aggrandizement of the people with his own, he judged the worth of men not by their
ability, character and patriotism but rather by their degree of friendship and kinship
with him; and anxious to secure the readiness of his favorites to sacrifice themselves for
him, he was tolerant even of their transgressions. Because he thus neglected the people
forsook him; and forsaken by the people, he was bound to fall like a waxen idol melting
in the heat of adversity. God grant we do not forget such a terrible lesson, learnt at the
cost of untold suffering.

- Apolinario Mabini