What will you do when studying Philosophy?

- philosophy is different from many other arts

subjects:
*to study philosophy you have to do
philosophy
-we analyze and criticize existing arguments
-we construct our own arguments
*we use fun thought experiments too
Mother and I
Which of the following situations do you think expresses moments of being in the
world of philosophy.

1.Your mother asked you to go to the market and you asked her what items you
need to buy.
2. Your mother asked you to go to the market and you asked how much is the
budget to take with you.
3. Your mother asked you to go to the market and you asked why it is wise to buy
in the wet market than in supermarket.
4. Your mother asked you to go to the market and you asked her why your family
is buying meat when a vegetarian’s life is more ideal.
5. Your mother asked you to go to the market and you asked yourself “ Why do
people have to buy things when God created nature where these goods come
from?”
Epistemology (in Greek “episteme” means ‘knowledge’ and the suffix “ology”
means ‘the science of’ or ‘the study of’) is the branch of philosophy that
involves the study of scope and nature of knowledge and justified belief,
while metaphysics (Greek word “metaphysika” – literally meaning “after
physics”) is the branch of philosophy that involves the study of truth and
reality.

Epistemology looks at how we know what the actual reality or truth is and
are there are limits to this knowledge specially in terms of its validity, scope
and methods,

while metaphysics aims to get a thorough understanding about the nature of

reality including abstract concepts (identity, time, space, being, knowing)
and existence.
The correspondence theory
The classic suggestion comes from
Aristotle (384–322 BCE): “To say of
what is that it is, or of what is not that
it is not, is true.” In other words, the
world provides “what is” or “what is
not,” and the true saying or thought
corresponds to the fact so provided.
This idea appeals to common sense
and is the germ of what is called the
correspondence theory of truth.
 When forming personal convictions, we often interpret factual evidence through
the filter of our values, feelings, tastes, and past experiences. Hence, most statements
we make in speaking and writing are assertions of fact, opinion, belief, or prejudice.
The usefulness and acceptability of an assertion can be improved or diminished by the
nature of the assertion, depending on which of the following categories it falls into:

A fact is verifiable.

An opinion is a judgment based on facts, an honest attempt to draw a reasonable

conclusion from factual evidence.

Unlike an opinion, a belief is a conviction based on cultural or personal faith,

morality, or values.

Another kind of assertion that has no place in serious argumentation is prejudice, a

half-baked opinion based on insufficient or unexamined evidence.
"Capital punishment is legalized murder"
BELIEF
they are not based on facts or
other evidence. They cannot be
disproved or even contested in a
rational or logical manner. Since
beliefs are inarguable, they cannot
serve as the thesis of a formal
argument.
“The country should institute
national health insurance even
though it would cost billions of
pesos.”
OPINION
…because they express
viewpoints

…it is potentially changeable--

depending on how the evidence
is interpreted
"Women are
bad drivers."
PREJUDICE
 Unlike a belief, a prejudice is testable: it can be
contested and disproved on the basis of facts. We often form
prejudices or accept them from others--family, friends, the
media, etc.--without questioning their meaning or testing their
truth.

At best, prejudices are careless oversimplifications. At

worst, they reflect a narrow-minded view of the world. Most of
all, they are not likely to win the confidence or agreement of
your readers.
"World War II ended in 1945."
FACT
Facts provide crucial support for the
assertion of an argument. However, facts by
themselves are worthless unless we put
them in context, draw conclusions, and,
thus, give them meaning.

The truth of the fact is beyond argument if

one can assume that measuring devices or
records or memories are correct.
If there’s a will, there is a way…
I can do anything, but I can’t do everything.
Philippines would be better off if it
were to become a communist country.
The TV shows in ABS-CBN are more
entertaining than the shows of
other channels.
In a famous bakeshop, a same-sex couple wanted to
order a cake for their wedding day. However, the
baker did not accept same-sex couples because of
personal bias. This lead to his discriminating against
the couple by refusing to bake their cake.
Some parents will not approve of their
children marrying someone of the same
gender because they believe it is wrong.
Your heart pumps blood through
your body.
The capital city of Philippines
is Manila.
The pH levels in acids are lower
than pH levels in alkalines.
Basketball is the best sport ever
1. Governments must invest more in the environment
2. Nine out of ten who completed the survey answered
the questions correctly.
3. The use of computers at the college has increased and
the stationery budget has doubled in the last few
years.
4. I think public opinion will change over time.
5. The research team has discovered a new method for
conducting this chemical analysis.
6. The professor argues that the effect of carbon
emissions on the surrounding environment will only get
worse.
7. According to the latest survey, families are purchasing
more household items on credit.
8. Finding somewhere to live is a long and frustrating
business.
9. Country living is the only way to live.
10. Access courses are designed to prepare students for
higher education.
Learning to distinguish fact and opinion is one of the
most important skills students can learn in school. It
serves students for a lifetime and in all aspects of life—
from knowing how advertisers get them to buy products
to analyzing news stories and the sources. No matter
their political leanings, students need to know how to
analyze information and differentiate between fact and
opinion. They need to be able to pick reliable sources
when conducting their own research as well.
We cannot function as a democracy if people don’t know the
difference between fact and opinion—and how to speak up and
make an informed argument. We need students in school to
practice being an informed electorate. That is one of the
challenges we are encountering today: students are not
practicing in school, they are memorizing. They don’t know
whether to believe what they read or not. They don’t know how
to check to see if what they are reading is actually “fake news.”
Chocolate is the best flavor for ice cream.

The beach is more fun than the mountains.

The fires are burning north of SM Mall.

Football is a dangerous sport.

Audio books are an easier way to read a book.

School uniforms make students happier.

It is difficult for sea turtles to lay their eggs on land.

A university education is the key to success.

Being able to distinguish fact from opinion is also related
to being able to discern that a news story may be fake.
Being analytical and knowing fact from opinion is the first
step to making that determination.
Analyze Speeches from Political Candidates –

Look for examples of opinions in speeches given by

various political candidates and determine whether they
back up their statements with facts.

What do they claim?

Is it factual?
How do they support their statements?