TYPES OF

CELLS

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PROPERTIES OF EUKARYOTIC AND
PROKARYOTIC CELLS

2
REPRSENTATIVE
ANIMAL CELL

3
REPRESENTATIVE
PLANT CELL

4
TYPES OF
ORGANISMS

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PLASMA
MEMBRANE
• Double layer of phospholipids and proteins
• Separates the interior of cell from outside environment
• Selectively permeable
• Helps in cell adhesion, ion conductivity, cell signalling
• serve as the attachment surface for extracellular structures

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7
Phospholipid
s
• Polar
• Hydrophylic head
• Hydrophobic tail

• Interacts with water

8
MOVEMENT ACROSS THE PLASMA
MEMBRANE
• A few molecules move freely
• Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen

• Carrier proteins transport some molecules

• Proteins embedded in lipid bilayer
• Fluid mosaic model – describes fluid nature of a lipid
bilayer with proteins

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10
MEMBRANE
PROTEINS
1. Channels or transporters
• Move molecules in one direction
2. Receptors
• Recognize certain chemicals

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MEMBRANE
PROTEINS
3. Glycoproteins
• Identify cell type
4. Enzymes
• Catalyze production of substances

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MOLECULE MOVEMENT &
CELLS
• Passive Transport

• Active Transport

• Endocytosis
(phagocytosis & pinocytosis)
• Exocytosis

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PASSIVE
TRANSPORT
• Involves movement along the concentration gradient

• No use of energy

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Types of Passive
Transport
1. Diffusion

2. Osmosis

3. Facilitated diffusion

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 Diffusio
•nMolecules move to equalize concentration

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 Osmosi
s•
Special form of diffusion require the presence of a
semi-permeable membrane

• Fluid(solvent) flows from lower solute concentration

to higher solute concentration

• Often involves movement of water

• Into cell
• Out of cell

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Solution Differences &
Cells
• solvent + solute = solution
• Hypotonic
• Solutes in cell more than outside
• Outside solvent will flow into cell
• Isotonic
• Solutes equal inside & out of cell
• Hypertonic
• Solute conc. is greater outside cell
• Fluid will flow out of cell

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 Process of Facilitated
• Transport
Protein binds with molecule
• Shape of protein changes
• Molecule moves across membrane

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 Active
Transport
• Molecular movement against the concentration gradient(i.e
from lower concentration to higher concentration)
• Requires energy
• Example is sodium-potassium pump

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Endocytosi
s • Movement of large material
• Particles
• Organisms
• Large molecules
• Movement is into cells
• Types of endocytosis
• bulk-phase (nonspecific)
• receptor-mediated (specific)

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Forms of
Endocytosis
• Phagocytosis – cell eating
• Pinocytosis – cell drinking

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Process of
Endocytosis
• Plasma membrane surrounds material
• Edges of membrane meet
• Membranes fuse to form vesicle

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Exocytosi
s • Reverse of endocytosis
• Cell discharges material

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Process of
Exocytosis
• Vesicle moves to cell surface
• Membrane of vesicle fuses
• Materials expelled

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CYTOPLA
•SM
Occupies and fills the space inside a cell.
• Thick, gelatinous, semitransparent fluid present in both
eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
• It is enclosed in the plasma membrane.
• The cytoplasm has three major components - the
cytosol, organelles, and cytoplasmic inclusions.

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Cytoso
l
• The Cytosol is the part of Cytoplasm that is not occupied by
any organelle.
• It is a gelatinous fluid, where other components of
the cytoplasm remain suspended.
• It mainly consists of cytoskeleton filaments, organic
molecules, salt, and water.

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Structure of cytoskeleton
• The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that forms the
"infrastructure" of cell
• The cytoskeleton is composed of at least three different types
of fibers : microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate
filaments.
• These fibers are distinguished by their size with microtubules
being the thickest and microfilaments being the thinnest.

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Functions of
cytoskeleton
• Helps the cell to maintain its shape and provides support to
the cell
• Helps in the formation of vacuole
• Keeps the cellular organelles in place
• Helps in formation of cellular appendages like cilia and
flagella

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microtubules
•Microtubules – long hollow tubes
made of globular tubulin proteins
•Anchor organelles and act as tracks
for organelle movement
• Move chromosomes around during
cell
division

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microfilaments
• Thinnest cytoskeletal elements
• Solid rod like structures
• Composed of the globular protein actin
• Enable cells to change shape and move

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Intermediate filaments
• Fibrous proteins join to form a rope-like structure
• provide support for microfilaments and microtubules by
holding them in place.

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NUCLE
US
•Genetic control center of a eukaryotic
cell.
•It is spherical, and the most prominent
part of the cell, making up 10% of the
cell’s volume.
•Unique structure and function that is
essential for the cell.

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 Functions of
•Nucleus
The “command center,” as it controls all functions of the cell.
• It is important in regulating the actions of the cells.
• Plays an important part in creating the cell’s proteins.
• It is involved in important processes dealing with DNA and other
genetic molecules.

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Structure of
Nucleus
i. Nuclear envelope
ii. Nucleoplasm
iii. Chromatin
iv. Nucleolus

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i. Nuclear envelope
(structure and function)
• Bilayer membrane
• Perforated
• Consists of ribosomes
• Regulates the movement of
material betwwen nucleoplasm
and cytoplasm

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ii. Nucleoplasm
(structure and function)
• A jelly-like (made mostly of water) matrix within the nucleus
• All the other materials “float” inside
• Helps the nucleus keep its shape and serves as the median for
the transportation of important molecules within the nucleus

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iii. Nucleolus
(structure and function)
• Largest structure present inside the boundaries of the nucleus
• More than one can be present in the cell’s nucleus
• Dark staining zone in center of nucleus
• Site of ribosome and RNA synthesis

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iv. Chromatin
(structure and function)
• Complex of long thin strands of DNA(de oxyribonucleic
acid) and proteins
• Contains instructions that control cell metabolism and
hereditary

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 CELLULAR ORGANELLES
• Little organs
• Specialized sub-unit that exist within the
cells
• have special functions
• organelles within a cell depends upon the
type of cell under consideration
• May look different depending upon the type
of cell

1
 Organelles
Group of small structures that remain
suspended in the cytoplasm and perform
variety of functions

2
 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• a sac-like structure , that remain bound by a
membrane.
• composed of an interconnected network
of flattened sacs or tubes, known as
Cisternae.
• Connects to nuclear envelope and cell
membrane
• Helps in movement of materials with in the
cell.
• Functions as manufacturing unit
• Two types
– Rough endoplasmic reticulum
– Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Has ribosomes attached to the surface
• Makes membrane proteins and proteins
for export out of the cell

4
 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• Lacks ribosomes
• Attached to the surface of rough
endoplasmic reticulum
• Makes cell products that are used inside
the cell
i. Makes membrane lipids
ii. Destroy toxic substances
iii. Regulates calcium
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 RIBOSOME
• found either floating in the cytosol, or
attached to the membrane of the rough
endoplasmic reticulum.
• Ribosomes are the site of protein
synthesis, also known as Protein Factory
Of Cell

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 GOLGI COMPLEX
• The Golgi apparatus is composed of
'cisternae'.
• It is also responsible for transporting
lipids within the cell.
• Helps in the synthesis of pant cell
wall

7
 Mode of action:
• The Golgi apparatus receives proteins
from endoplasmic reticulum, which are
then packaged and transported to various
locations within or outside the cell.

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9
 VACUOLES
• small membrane bound sacs present in the
cytoplasm
– Examples
• Golgi and ER transport vesicles
• Peroxisome
– Where fatty acids are metabolized
– Where hydrogen peroxide is detoxified
• Lysosome
– contains digestive enzymes
– Digests unwanted cell parts and other wastes

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 LYSOSOME
• The lysosome is an example of an organelle
made at the Golgi apparatus.
– Golgi packages digestive enzymes in a vesicle.
The vesicle remains in the cell and:
• Digests unwanted or damaged cell parts
• Merges with food vacuoles and digest the contents

• Tay-Sachs disease occurs when the lysosome is

missing the enzyme needed to digest a lipid
found in nerve cells.
– As a result the lipid accumulates and nerve cells are
damaged as the lysosome swells with undigested
lipid.
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 VESICLES
• Transport Vesicles
– Vesicle = small membrane bound sac
– Transport modified proteins and lipids from
the ER to the Golgi apparatus (and from
Golgi to final destination)

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• It is

termMedIaTsOthCeH'pOowNeDr

hRoIuAse' of a cell.
• It is a double membrane-bound
structure that can be found in most
eukaryotic cells.
• The function of this organelle is to
produce and store energy in the form
of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
molecules, which are generated by
using the chemical energy derived 13
 structur
e
– ~1-5 microns
– Two membranes
• Outer membrane
• Inner membrane - Highly folded
– Folds called cristae
– Intermembrane space (or outer
compartment)
– Matrix
• DNA and ribosomes in
matrix
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15
 Centrioles
• Pairs of microtubular
structures
• Play a role in cell
division

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 Plant Cell Structures
• Structures found in plant, but not
animal cells
– Chloroplasts
– Central vacuole
– Other plastids/vacuoles – chromoplast,
amyloplast
– Cell wall
 Chloroplasts
• Function – site of photosynthesis
• Structure
– 2 outer membranes
– Thylakoid membrane system
• Stacked membrane sacs called granum
– Chlorophyll in granum
– Stroma
• Fluid part of chloroplast
 Plastids/Vacuoles in Plants
• Chromoplasts – contain colored
pigments
• Pigments called carotenoids

• Amyloplasts – store starch

 Central Vacuole
• Structure
– Large membrane bound sac
– Occupies the majority of the volume of the
plant cell
– Increases cell’s surface area for transport
of
substances  cells can be larger
• Function – storage area for water, sugars,
ions, amino acids, and wastes
– Some central vacuoles serve specialized
functions in plant cells.
• May contain poisons to protect against
predators
Cell surfaces protect, support, and join
cells

– Cells interact with their environments

and each other via their surfaces

– Many cells are protected by more

than the plasma membrane
 Cell Wall
• Function – provides structure and
protection
– Never found in animal cells
– Present in plant, bacterial, fungus, and some
protists

• Structure
– Wraps around the plasma membrane
– Made of cellulose and other polysaccharides
– Connect by plasmodesmata (channels through the
walls)
Plant Cell TEM
Typical Plant Cell
Typical Plant Cell –add the labels
 Origin of Mitochondria and
Chloroplasts
• Both organelles are believed to have
once been free-living bacteria that
were engulfed by a larger cell.
Proposed Origin of Mitochondria
and Chloroplasts
• Evidence:
– Each have their own DNA
– Their ribosomes resemble bacterial
ribosomes
– Each can divide on its own
– Mitochondria are same size as
bacteria
– Each have more than one
membrane
Review of Eukaryotic Cells
Review of Eukaryotic Cells