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Lahore Garrison University

CSC- 362 Computer Networks
Week-1 Lecture-1& 2

Prepared by:

Mr. Attique Ur Rehman

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Instructor Contact Details

 Name: Mr. M. Waheed ul Hassan

 Course Instructor: CSC362- Computer Networks
 Credit Hours: (3+1)=4
 Office Location: 4nd Floor Computer Science Faculty Office: 45-C
 Email: [email protected]
 Visiting Hours: Monday-Thursday (08:00 am -9:30 am)

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Course Material

 Reference books
 Data Communications AND Networking by BEHROUZ A. FOROUZAN
 Other books on Networking may be consulted
 Web resources
 Tutorials, white papers, reports, research papers etc.

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Grading Policy

 Sessional 16%
 Assignment 6%
 Quiz 8%
 Class participation 2%
 Lab 33% (Lab evaluation, Quizes, assignments, Lab Final paper)
 Mid Term 16%
 Final 35%

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Text Book

 Computer Networks: A Systems Approach by Larry L. Peterson and Bruce S. Davies.

 Third Edition [2003], Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, California, USA
 Computer Networks by Andrew S. Tanenbaum
 Fifth Edition
 Data Communication and Computer Networks, by Behrouz A. Forouzan
 5th Edition
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Data and Computer Communications by William Stallings
 10th Edition

Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach Featuring the Internet by James F. Kurose and
Keith W. Ross
 6th edition

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Academic Honesty

 Your work in this class must be your own

 If students are found to have collaborated excessively or to have
cheated (e.g. by copying or sharing answers during an assignment
or examination), all involved will at a minimum receive grades of 0
for the first infraction
 Further infractions will result in failure in the course

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Expectations

What do you want (or expect) to learn from

this course ?

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Expectations

 This course is about …

 Network principles and concepts
 General purpose computer networks
 Internet perspective
 Major components of the Internet protocol suite
 Network software
 Designing and building a system
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Course Contents

 Introduction and protocols architecture

 Basic concepts of networking
 Network topologies
 Networks Requirements & Network models (Layered architecture)
 Physical layer functionality
 Data link layer functionality
 Data Encoding/ Framing
 Error Detection & Correction Protocol
 Reliable Transmission (Stop wait and Sliding window)

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Course Contents

 Multiple Access
 Ethernet And FDDI
 Packet switching
 Circuit switching and packet switching
 LAN technologies
 Wireless networks
 MAC addressing
 Networking devices

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Course Contents

 Network Layer/Internetworking
 Internet protocol (IPv4 and IPv6)
 Logical addressing/ IP addressing
 Routing protocols
 Sub-netting
 CIDR
 Transport Layer/ End-to-end protocols
 TCP
 UDP
 Ports and sockets
 Connection establishment
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Course Contents

 Flow and Congestion control

 Application layer protocols
 Latest trends in computer networks

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Significance and Rationale of course

 Networks and telecommunication is getting more and more importance

 Future telecommunication networks will be more oriented toward “networks”
rather than “communication”
 Widespread Internet, diffused in our daily life is a ground reality; its beneficial to
understand it
 Its fun to play with protocols (software) and able to design exciting new type of
networks

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Introduction

A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by

communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, TV, Fridge
or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving data
generated by other nodes on the network.
The concept of connected computers or any devices capable of
transcieving data for sharing resources is called Networking

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Computer Network
 Computer network connects two or
more autonomous computers.

 The computers can be

geographically located anywhere.

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Applications of Networks

Resource Sharing
Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers)
Software (application software)
Information Sharing
Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases)
Search Capability (WWW)
Communication
Email
Message broadcast
Remote computing (Cloud Computing)
Distributed processing (GRID Computing)

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Applications – Users’ Contact with the
Network
 Most people know the Internet through its applications
 Web, email, streaming audio and video, chat, …
 Applications present an intuitively simple interface
 Textual and graphical objects
 Simple “clicks” to operate the application
 However, users are not aware of what happens in the
network with their simple “clicks” !!!

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Applications – Consumers of Networks

 On a simple click, several messages may be exchanged over

the Internet
 In a web browser, 17 messages may be exchanged
 up to six messages to translate the server name
 three messages to set up a TCP connection
 four messages to send HTTP “get” request + response
 four messages to tear down the TCP connection
 Moreover, millions of messages are exchanged each day by
Internet nodes to make their presence and services known

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Applications – the Driving Force

 Streaming audio and video is an emerging application

 Source generates and sends the video stream in messages across the Internet
 Video-on-demand: reads/broadcasts a preexisting movie
 One-way data transfer
 Videoconferencing: interactive session
 Very tight timing constraints/ Live broadcast
 Diversity of applications that can be built on top of the
Internet hint at the complexity of the Internet design
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Network Overview

 What must a network provide ?

 connectivity
 cost-effective sharing (information &resources)
 functionality
 Performance
 Reliability
 Security
 How are networks designed and built ?
 layering
 protocols
 standards

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Perspective

 For network user

 connectivity: for services required; error free delivery within acceptable time limits
 For network designer
 efficiency: cost-effective design, fair allocation and efficient use of resources
 For network operator
 maintenance: easy to administer, fault localization & isolation, usage accounting

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Network Components

 Physical Media
 Interconnecting Devices
 Computers
 Networking Software
 Applications

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Networking Media

Networking media can be defined simply as the means by which signals (data) are
sent from one computer to another (either by cable or wireless means).

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Networking Devices

HUB, Switches, Routers,

Wireless Access Points,
Modems etc.

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Applications

E-mail
Searchable Data (Web Sites)
E-Commerce
News Groups
Internet Telephony (VoIP)
Video Conferencing
Chat Groups
Instant Messengers
Internet Radio

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Types of connection

 A network is two or more devices connected through link

 A link is a communications pathway that transfers data from one
device to another
 There are two types of connection
 Point to point
 Provide a dedicated link between two devices
 Multipoint
 More than two devices share single link

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Types of connection

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Classification of networks

 Depending upon size networks are divided into two major

categories
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 Area less than 2 miles
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
 World wide
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 Spans tens of miles

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Most Elementary Network

 Two Computers (Stations) communicating over a cable

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Local Area Network (LAN)

 A local area network (LAN) is a number of computers connected each other by cable in
a single location ,usually a single floor of a building or all the computers in a small
company.
 Characteristics:
 Scope of LAN is small --- building or cluster of buildings
 LAN is owned by the same organization that owns the attached devices
 Data rates of LAN are much higher --- 100 or 1000Mbps
 Purpose
 To allow resources to be shared between personal computers
 Example
 Engineering workstation environment
 Accounting PCs
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Local Area Network (LAN)

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Wide Area Networks (WANs)

 Wide area networks (WANs) are the set of connecting links

between local area networks.
 Network spread Geographically (country or Globe) is called
Wide area networks (WANs)
 Characteristics:
 Cover large geographical area
 Require crossing of public right of ways
 Relay at least in part on circuits provided by a common

carrier
 Consists of number of interconnected switching nodes
 Example
 ATM network

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Wide Area Networks (WANs)

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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

 Network in a City is call MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

 Examples
 Cable TV networks
 Telephone company networks that provide high speed DSL line

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Interconnection of Networks: Internetwork

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The Internet

 The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers and devices that communicate
using standardized protocols. It allows users to access and share a vast array of information and
resources, communicate with others, and engage in various online activities. The Internet
enables communication and data exchange across geographic boundaries, connecting people,
organizations, and devices worldwide.

 The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives. It has affected the way we do
business as well as the way we spend our leisure time.
 The Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our
fingertips and organized it for our use.

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The Internet

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PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

 Protocol: which is synonymous with rule. The key elements of protocol are
 Syntax
 This refers to the format and structure of the data exchanged between devices. It defines the rules for encoding
data into messages that can be transmitted over the network. Syntax specifies aspects such as data types,
message structure, and encoding methods.
 Semantics
 Semantics defines the meaning of the data exchanged within the protocol. It specifies the interpretation of the
data elements and how they are to be processed by the receiving device. Semantics ensures that the information
transmitted is understood correctly by both the sender and the receiver.
 Timing
 Timing refers to the rules governing when data can be transmitted and how it should be synchronized between
devices. It includes aspects such as the timing of message transmission, acknowledgment of received messages,
and handling of timeouts. Timing mechanisms ensure reliable and efficient communication between devices.
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PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

 Standards: which are agreed-upon rules.

 Standards organizations:
 International organization for standardization (ISO)
 International telecommunication union-Telecommunication
standards sectors (ITU-T)
 Institute of electrical and electronic engineering (IEEE)

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Network Topology

 The way in which the connection is made is called the topology

of the network.
 Network Topology specifically refers to the physical lay out of
network.
The network topology defines the way in which computers,
printers, and other devices are connected.
A network topology describes the layout of the wire and devices
as well as the paths used by data transmissions.

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Network Topologies

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Network Topologies

1. Bus Topology

2. Star Topology

3. Ring Topology

4. Mesh Topology

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Bus Topology

 Computers are connected through a cable with no active

electronics to amplify the signal or pass it along from
computer to computer.
 It is passive topology
 The bus topology is often used when a network
installation is small, simple, or temporary

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Bus Topology

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Advantages Of Bus Topology

1. Simple, reliable, small and easy to use

2. Less expensive due to less cable requirements
3. Easy to extend with the help of Repeater

Example : Ethernet LAN

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Disadvantages of Bus Topology

1. Heavy Traffic can slow a Bus.

2. Each Barrel connector weak the electrical signal and to
many may prevent the signal form being correctly
received along a Bus.
3. It is difficult to troubleshoot.

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Star Topology

 In a Star Topology all the cables run from the computers to a central
location , where they all are connected by a device usually called Hub.
 The star topology is the most commonly used architecture in Ethernet
LANs.
 When installed, the star topology resembles spokes in a bicycle wheel.
 Larger networks use the extended star topology also called tree topology.
 When used with network devices that filter frames or packets, like bridges,
switches, and routers, this topology significantly reduces the traffic on the
wires by sending packets only to the wires of the destination host.

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Star Topology

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Star and Tree Topology

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Advantages Of Star Topology

1. It is easy to modify and add new computers to Star networks with

out disturbing rest of the networks
2. The center of star networks is a good place to diagnose network
faults.
3. Signal computer failures do not necessary bring down the whole
Star networks

Example : Wifi Networks

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Disadvantages Of Star Topology

1. If the central Hub fails, the whole network fails to operate

2. Many star networks require a device at the central point to
rebroadcast switch network traffic
3. It cost more to cable

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Ring Topology

 In a Ring Topology, each computer is connected to the next , with

the last one connected to the firs computer
 A frame travels around the ring, stopping at each node. If a node
wants to transmit data, it adds the data as well as the destination
address to the frame.
 The frame then continues around the ring until it finds the
destination node, which takes the data out of the frame.

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Ring Topology

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Single and Dual Ring

 Single ring – All the devices on the network share a single cable
 Dual ring – The dual ring topology allows data to be sent in both
directions.

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Advantages Of Ring Topology

1. No one computer can monopolize the network

2. The fair sharing of the network allows the

network to degreed gracefully as more user are
added
Example: Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI):
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Disadvantages Of Ring Topology

1. Failure of one computer on the Ring can affect the

whole network
2. It is difficult to trouble shoot a Ring network
3. Adding or removing computer disrupts the networks

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Mesh Topology

• The mesh topology having redundant links between devices. A true

mesh configuration has a link between each device in the network
• It is used in WANs to interconnect LANs for mission critical
networks like those used by banks and financial institutions

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Mesh Topology

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Advantages Of Mesh Topology

1. The Mesh Topology is fault tolerance

2. Include guaranteed communication channel capacity
3. Easy to trouble shoot

Example: Internet Backbone Networks

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Disadvantages Of Mesh Topology

1. Difficult to install and configure

2. Expensive to maintain

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Clients, Servers, and Peers

 There are three roles for computers in local area networks (LAN)
 - Clients, Which use but do not provide network resources e.g
Web Browsers, Email Clients
 - Peers, Which both use and provide network resources, e.g
Web application like online games
 - Servers, Which provide network resources, e.g web servers

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Networks Division

 Base on the roles of computers connected to them, networks are

divided into three types
-Server-based (client-server): containing clients and the servers that
support them.
-Peer (peer to peer): which have no servers and use the network to
share resources among independent peers
-Hybrid network: which is client –server network that also has peer
sharing resources and use the

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Server-Based Networks

 Are defined by the presence of servers on the network that provide

security and administration of the network.
 Divide processing tasks between client and servers
 Clients request services, such as file storage and printing, and
servers deliver them
 Server computers are more powerful than client

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Advantages of Server-Based Networks

 Strong central security

 Central file storage, which allow all users to work from the
same set of data and provides easy backup to critical data
 Ability of servers to pool available hard ware, lowering
overall cost
 Ability to share expensive equipment, such as laser printers

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Advantages of Server-Based Networks

 Optimized dedicated servers, which are faster than peers at sharing network resources
 Less intrusive security, since a single password allows access to all shared resources on
the network
 Freeing of users from the task of managing the sharing of resources
 Easy manageability of a large number of users
 Central organization, which keeps data from getting lost among computers

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Disadvantages of Server-Based Networks

 Expensive dedicated hardware

 Expensive network operating system software and client
licenses
 A dedicated network administrator

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Peer Networks

 Are defined by a lack of central control over the network. There are
no servers in peer networks; users simply share disk space and
resources
 Are organized into workgroups with little security control
 No central login process
 Not optimized to share resources

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Advantages of Peer Networks

 No extra investment in server hardware or software is required

 Easy setup
 No network administrator required
 Ability of users to control resources sharing
 No reliance on other computers for their operation
 Lower cost for small networks

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Disadvantages of Peer Networks

 Additional load on computers because of resources sharing

 Inability of peers to handle as many network connection as servers
 Lack of central organization, which make data hard to find
 No central point of storage for file archiving
 Requirement that users administer their own computer
 Weak and intrusive security
 Lack of central management, which makes large peer networks hard to work
with

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Hybrid Networks

 Have all three types of computers operating on them and generally

have active domains and work groups
 Most sharing resources are located on server , network user still
have access to any resources being shared by peers in workgroup
 User do not have to log on to the domain controller to access
workgroup resources

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Advantages of Hybrid Networks

 The advantages of server-based networking

 Many of the advantages of peer-based networking
 Ability of users and network administrators to control
security based on the importance of the shared resource

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Disadvantages of Hybrid Networks

 Hybrid computing share the disadvantages of server-

based networking

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Peer Security vs. Server Security

 Peer to networks are usually less secure than a server base

networks, because this commonly use share – level security, while
server based networks commonly use file - level or access
permission security.

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