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Chapter 2-Measuring Instrument

1. Measuring instruments are devices used to determine the value of a quantity under observation by making a quantitative comparison to a standard. 2. Moving coil instruments like ammeters and voltmeters operate using the electromagnetic force on a current-carrying coil in a magnetic field. Permanent magnet moving coil (PMMC) types use a permanent magnet and are only for DC, while dynamometer types can be used for both AC and DC. 3. Electrodynamic wattmeters measure power by the electromagnetic force between a fixed and moving coil, with the deflecting torque proportional to power. Energy meters similarly use a rotating disc to count revolutions corresponding to energy consumed.

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saravanan
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18 views

Chapter 2-Measuring Instrument

1. Measuring instruments are devices used to determine the value of a quantity under observation by making a quantitative comparison to a standard. 2. Moving coil instruments like ammeters and voltmeters operate using the electromagnetic force on a current-carrying coil in a magnetic field. Permanent magnet moving coil (PMMC) types use a permanent magnet and are only for DC, while dynamometer types can be used for both AC and DC. 3. Electrodynamic wattmeters measure power by the electromagnetic force between a fixed and moving coil, with the deflecting torque proportional to power. Energy meters similarly use a rotating disc to count revolutions corresponding to energy consumed.

Uploaded by

saravanan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEASURING

INSTRUMENTS
Introduction
• Measurement:
It is the act or result of quantitative
comparison between a predefined standard and
an unknown quantity.
• Instrument:
It is a device or mechanism used to
determine the present value of a quantity under
observation.
Operation of Indicating Instruments
• For satisfactory operation of any indicating
instrument, following three torques must act
together appropriately:
1.Deflecting torque
2.Controlling torque
3.Damping torque
Moving Coil Instruments
• Moving coil instruments (ammeter and
voltmeter) are of two types:
1.Permanent magnet moving coil type (PMMC)
used only for D.C.
2.Dynamometer type can be used for AC as well
DC.
1. PMMC Instruments:
 They are also known as d’Arsonval
instruments.
 These instruments works on the
electromagnetic effect of current.
 A permanent magnet used to produce
magnetic flux and coil that carries the current
to be measures moves in this field.
Working principle:
 When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic
field, it experiences a force. It is given by expression,
F = BIL
Where F = Force in Newton,
B = Flux density is tesla,
I = Current is ampere,
L = Length of conductor in meter.
 The current I which is to be measured is passed through the
moving coil and experiences a force which is directly
proportional to this current.
 Due to this force the coil moves and the pointer attached to
it will also move.
 The angle through which the pointer moves is proportional
to current I.
Construction of PMMC instrument:
 A coil of thin wire is mounted on an aluminum
frame (spindle) positioned between the poles of a
U shaped permanent magnet which is made up of
magnetic alloys like alnico.
 The coil is pivoted on the jewelled bearing and
thus the coil is free to rotate. The current is fed to
the coil through spiral springs which are two in
numbers.
 The coil which carries a current, which is to be
measured, moves in a strong magnetic field
produced by a permanent magnet and a pointer is
attached to the spindle which shows the measured
value.
construction of PMMC instrument
• Deflecting Torque:
 It can be proved that the expression for the
deflecting torque is given by,
Td = G x I
where G = constant
I = Current through the moving coil
• Controlling Torque:
 The controlling torque is given by,
Tc = C. θ
where C = Control spring constant in N-m/rad
θ = Deflection of coil from zero position
 For steady state, the controlling torque is equal
to the deflection torque
∴ Tc = T d
i.e. Cθ = GI
∴θ∝I
 Thus deflection of the pointer is proportional
to current passed through the coil.
Advantages of PMMC Instruments:
1.The PMMC consumes less power and has
great accuracy.
2. It has uniformly divided scale and can cover
arc of 270 degree.
3.The PMMC has a high torque to weight ratio.
4. It can be modified as ammeter or voltmeter
with suitable resistance.
5. It has efficient damping characteristics and is
not affected by stray magnetic field.
6. It produces no losses due to hysteresis.
• Disadvantages of PMMC Instruments:
1. The moving coil instrument can only be used
on D.C supply as the reversal of current
produces reversal of torque on the coil.
2.It’s very delicate and sometimes uses ac circuit
with a rectifier.
3. It’s costly as compared to moving coil iron
instruments.
4. It may show error due to loss of magnetism of
permanent magnet.
Moving Iron (MI) instruments
 Where ruggedness is more important than high
degree of accuracy, moving iron instruments
are used.
• Types of moving iron instruments:
1.Attraction type
2.Repulsion type
Attraction type moving iron instrument:

• Construction of the attraction type moving iron


instrument is as shown in the given figure.

• The moving iron, i.e. the disc of soft iron, is


eccentrically mounted. Coil is situated around the disc.
When the coil is excited it produces magnetic field.

• Due to magnetic field the moving iron moves from the


weaker field outside the coil to the stronger field inside
the coil. Thus moving iron gets attracted inwards and
thus the name attraction type.
• The controlling torque is provided by the
balance weights attached to the moving iron.
Spring also can be used to provide controlling
torque.

• Damping is provided by air friction in which


aluminum piston is attached to the moving
system and moves in a closed air damping
chamber.
Fig.(1): attraction type moving instrument
Repulsion type moving iron instrument:

• In these type of instruments there two vanes present inside


the coil in which one is fixed while other is movable. These
both vanes gets similarly magnetized when coil is excited.
Thus there is a force of repulsion between both vanes
causing movement in movable vane. There are further two
different designs of repulsion type moving iron instruments.

i. Radial vane type:


• In radial vane type radial strips of iron are used as moving
vanes. The fixed vane is attached to the coil and moving is
attached to the moving spindle.
ii. Coaxial vane type:
• In coaxial vane type the fixed as well as
moving vanes are the sections of coaxial
cylinders as shown in above figure.

The controlling torque is provided by the


springs or balancing weights (in vertically
mounted instrument). The damping is
provided by air friction damping same as in
attraction type moving iron instruments.
Fig.(2):Repulsion type Moving Iron Instrument
Advantages of Moving iron Instruments:

1.Suitable of a.c. as well as d.c. measurements.


2.Good accuracy.
3.Cheaper in cost as compared to permanents
magnet moving coil instruments.
4.The instrument has high torque to weight ratio.
5.The instrument can be used for low frequency
measurement also.
Disadvantages of Moving iron instruments:
1.Power consumed by the instrument is high as
compared to that of the permanent magnet
moving coil instrument.
2.The scale is non-uniform.
3.Due to the presence of iron part in the
operating system, error due to the hysteresis
effect is introduced. To reduce this effect
nickel iron alloys are used.
Electro-dynamic Wattmeter
• The basic action of this instrument depends
upon the electromagnetic force exerted
between fixed and moving coils carrying
current.
• Fig.(1) shows fixed coil FF and moving coil M
carried by spindle.
• Controlling torque is provided by two spiral
springs mounted on the spindle which act as
the leads of coil M.
• The deflecting torque is proportional to the
product of the current in the current coil and
voltage across pressure coil. So Td is
proportional to power.

• The scale of this instrument is uniform.

• It is used for power measurement in ac and dc


circuits.
Advantages:

1.It can be used for a.c. as well as d.c.


measurement.
2.It is easy in construction.
3.The instrument is free from hysteresis errors.
4.Uniform scale.
5.Light weight.
6.Consume less power.
Disadvantages:
1.High cost.
2.Errors can occur due to friction, changes in
temperature etc.
3.Large errors at low power factor.
4.It gets affected by the external stray magnetic
fields. So shielding is essential.
Energy Meter

• The two exciting coils act as current coil and voltage


coil and the disc acts as a time counting device.

• The disc is kept free to rotate continuously. Speed of


the disc depends on the power supplied to the load.
More the load, higher is the disc speed.

• In this instrument a gear train is provided to count the


revolution of the disc. Number of revolution of the disc
are directly recorded in terms of the energy consumed.

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