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CH12 PPT 1

This document discusses light waves and concepts related to reflection and refraction. It defines key terms like the normal, angle of incidence, angle of reflection, and how light behaves at the boundary between two mediums. When light passes from one medium to another denser medium, it bends toward the normal; when passing to a less dense medium, it bends away from the normal. Total internal reflection and critical angle are explored, as well as applications that use these principles like periscopes, fiber optics, and endoscopes.

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20 views

CH12 PPT 1

This document discusses light waves and concepts related to reflection and refraction. It defines key terms like the normal, angle of incidence, angle of reflection, and how light behaves at the boundary between two mediums. When light passes from one medium to another denser medium, it bends toward the normal; when passing to a less dense medium, it bends away from the normal. Total internal reflection and critical angle are explored, as well as applications that use these principles like periscopes, fiber optics, and endoscopes.

Uploaded by

kaungforgame
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 12: Light Waves

Reflection
Normal
The normal is a line at right angle to the plane mirror.

Angle incidence (i )
The angle between the incident ray and the normal.

Angle of reflection (r )
The angle between the reflected ray and the normal.

When a ray of light strikes a plane mirror, the angle of


incidence (i) is equal to the angle of reflection (r ).
Fig . A periscope is used to see over or around object.
Refraction
Refraction
When a ray of light travels from one medium to another, the
direction of a ray is changed. The bending effect is called
refraction.
When the a ray is travel from less dense to more dense medium ,
the refracted ray is towards the normal.
When a ray is travel from more dense medium to less dense
medium, the refracted ray is away from the normal.
If the ray strikes the boundary between the two media at 90°, the ray
continues without change of direction.
Refractive index (n )
The ratio of sin i and sin r is called refractive index .

n= (Snell’s Law )

where, i = the angle of incidence


r = the angle of refraction
n = refractive index
Refractive index (n )
The ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light
in that medium.
refractive index =

n =

Where, n = refractive index


c = speed of light in vacuum = 3 m/s
v = speed of light in medium
Example 1
The angle of incidence is 30° and the angle of refraction as 19°.
Calculate the refractive index of the glass block.
Activity 1
Practical: Investigate the refractive index for glass
Investigate the refractive index of glass by using a ray box and a
rectangular glass block.
1. Shine a ray of light onto one sides of the glass block, so that the
emerges on the opposite side of the block. Mark the directions
of these rays with crosses.
2. Draw around the glass block before removing it
3. Using the crosses, draw the direction of both rays.
4. Draw the direction of the rays that travel inside the glass block.
5. Draw a normal line, where the ray enters the block.
6. Measure the angles of incidence (i) and refraction (r ).
7. Use the equation , to find the refractive index of the glass
block.
Critical angle (c )
The angle of incidence corresponds to the angle of refraction is
90° called the critical angle.
n=
Normal
n = refractive index
c = critical angle
air r = 90°

glass
i=c
Total internal refraction
When the rays of light are travelling towards the boundary a
boundary with a less optically dense medium.

Total internal refraction take place when


(1)the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle and
(2) The incidence ray passes from more dense medium to less
dense medium.
normal

air
glass i r

When ic , the total international reflection occurs.


Total internal refraction
If the ray strikes the boundary between the two media at 90°,
the ray continues without change of direction.

Fig . If the light is hit the boundary at 90° the ray does not bend
Activity 2: Investigate total internal reflection
Example 2
The refractive index for a type of glass is 4.5. Calculate the critical
angle.
Activity 3
Practical: Investigate total internal
reflection in prism

A ray of light into a prism , it will


strike the surface at an angle of 45°.
The critical angle for glass is about 42°
so the ray will be totally internally
reflected
Fig. Turning through 90° using
total internal reflection.
Fig. Turning through 180° using total internal reflection
The prismatic periscope

Fig. Total international reflection in a prismatic periscope


Fig. Prisms can also be used as reflectors.
Light entering is totally internally reflected twice. It emerges from
the prism travelling back in the direction from it originally came.
Example : bicycle or car reflectors
Fig. Prismatic binoculars
Fig. total international reflection
inside binoculars
Optical fibres

Fig. In an optical fibre, light undergoes total internal reflection.


Fig. optical fibres
The endoscope

Fig. Optical fibres are used in endoscopes to see inside the body.
The endoscope is used by doctors to see inside the body and
engineers to see hard – to – reach parts of machinery.
Light travels down one bundle of fibres and shines on the object
to be viewed. Optical fibres to see , doctor can carry out
operations through small holes made in the body, rather than
through large cuts. This is called “keyhole surgery”. This is less
stressful for patients and usually leads to a more rapid recovery.
Optical fibres in telecommunications
• Modern telecommunications system use optical fibres rather than
copper wires transmit messages as less energy lost.
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