Network And

Internet
Application
 Lecture-05

 Contents
– Token Ring
– FDDI
– Bridge
– Switch
Token Ring
 IBM developed the first Token Ring network in the
1970s.
 The term Token Ring refers both, to IBM's Token
Ring and to IEEE's 802.5 specification.
 Token-passing access method.
 Token-passing networks move a small frame, called
a token, around the network.
Tokens

 Tokens are 3 bytes in length.

 It consist of a start delimiter, an
access control byte, and an end
delimiter
 The start delimiter alerts each
station to the arrival of a token, or
data/command frame.
 The access control byte contains
the priority and reservation field, and
a token and monitor bit.
 The end delimiter signals the end of
the token or data/command frame.
Token Passing
 Possession of the token grants the right to transmit data.
 If a node that receives a token has no information to send, it
passes the token to the next end station.
 Each station can hold the token for a maximum period of time.
 When a station passes a token that has information to transmit,
it seizes the token and alters 1 bit of it. The token becomes a
start-of-frame sequence.
 There is no token on the network while the information frame is
circling the ring.
 Other stations on the ring cannot transmit at this time.
 They must wait for the token to become available.
 The information frame
circulates the ring until it
reaches the intended
destination station.
 The information frame circles
the ring until it reaches the
sending station and is then
removed.
 The sending station can verify
whether the frame was
received and copied by the
destination.
Priority System
 Token Ring networks use a sophisticated priority system that
permits certain user-designated.
 Token Ring frames have two fields that control priority - the
priority field and the reservation field.
 Only stations with a priority equal to, or higher than, the priority
value contained in a token can seize that token.
 Once the token has been seized and changed to an
information frame, only stations with a priority value higher
than that station can reserve the token for the next network
pass.
 Stations that raise a token's priority level must reinstate the
previous priority when their transmission has been completed.
Management Mechanisms

 Token Ring networks use several mechanisms for

maintenance one of the mechanism is the active
monitor.
 The active monitor station can potentially be any station
on the network.
 One of this station’s functions is to remove continuously
circulating frames from the ring.
 The active monitor can detect these frames, remove
them from the ring, and generate a new token.
FDDI
 Fiber Distributed Data Interface
 FDDI specifies a 100 Mbps, token-passing, dual-ring LAN that
uses a fiber-optic transmission medium.
 FDDI uses a token passing strategy similar to Token Ring.
 FDDI use optical fiber as a transmission medium.
 Optical fiber offers several advantages such as:
security - Fiber does not emit electrical signals that can be
tapped.
reliability - Fiber is immune to electrical interference.
speed - Optical fiber has much higher throughput potential
than copper cable.
… FDDI
 FDDI specifies the use of dual rings for physical connections.
 Traffic on each ring travels in opposite directions.
 FDDI defines the two specified types of fiber:
– single-mode
– multi-mode.
 Single-mode fiber allows only one mode of light to propagate
through the fiber
 Multi-mode fiber allows multiple modes of light to propagate
through the fiber.
 Multiple modes of light has different entry angles this causes
them to arrive at the destination at different times.
… FDDI
 Single-mode fiber is
capable of higher
bandwidth, and greater
cable run distances.
 Single-mode fiber is
often used for inter-
building connectivity
 Multi-mode fiber is
often used for intra-
building connectivity.
FDDI Standards
 FDDI has four specifications:
Media Access Control (MAC) - defines how the
medium is accessed.
Physical Layer Protocol (PHY) - defines data
encoding/decoding procedures.
Physical Layer Medium (PMD) - defines the
characteristics of the transmission medium.
Station Management (SMT) - defines the FDDI
station configuration.
… FDDI
FDDI Format
 preamble - prepares each station for the upcoming
frame
 start delimiter - indicates the beginning of the frame,
and consists of signaling patterns that differentiate it
from the rest of the frame
 frame control - indicates the size of the address
fields, whether the frame contains asynchronous or
synchronous data, and other control information
 destination address - contains a unicast (singular),
multicast (group), or broadcast (every station)
address; destination addresses are 6 bytes.
 source address - identifies the single station that
sent the frame; source addresses are 6 bytes.
FDDI Format
 data - control information, or information destined for an upper-
layer protocol
 frame check sequence (FCS) - filled by the source station with
a calculated cyclic redundancy check (CRC), value dependent
on the frame contents (as with Token Ring and Ethernet). The
destination station recalculates the value to determine whether
the frame may have been damaged in transit. If it has been, the
frame is discarded.
 end delimiter - contains non-data symbols that indicate the end
of the frame
 frame status - allows the source station to determine if an error
occurred and if the frame was recognized and copied by a
receiving station.
BRIDGE

 Bridge connects and passes packets

between two network segments that use the
same communications protocol.
 Bridges operate at the data link layer.
 A bridge will filter, forward, or flood an
incoming frame based on the MAC address
of that frame.
… BRIDGE
SWITCH
 A switch is a layer 2 device.
 Switch can be called as a multi-port bridge.
 Switches make a LAN much more efficient.
They do this by "switching" data only out the
port to which the proper host is connected.
 By using switches a network behaves like it
only has two nodes.
 It provides each ports full bandwidth.
… SWITCH
… SWITCH