Relative

Clauses
GAC 002 – Unit 2 (Countries and Cultures)
 Link the sentences to make only 1
sentence
• Bill Gates is a computer
programmer.
• He founded the Microsoft
Corporation.

Bill Gates, who founded the

Microsoft Corporation, is a
computer programmer.
 Link the sentences to make only 1
sentence
• He developed the Windows
operating system.
• The Windows operating system is
used on most desktop computers
today.
He developed the Windows
operating system which is used on
most desktop computers today.
 Link the sentences to make only 1
sentence
• He studied at Harvard University.
• At Harvard University, he
developed a new programming
language called BASIC.

He studied at Harvard University

where he developed a new
programming language called
BASIC.
Relative Clauses

Relative clauses replace the noun later in the sentences to join two
sentences and avoid repetition.

Types:
●Defining Relative Clauses
●Non-defining Relative Clauses
Example
The girl is my sister.

The girl is wearing a red dress.

The girl who is wearing a red dress is my sister.

 Relative Pronouns
whom which
Used for people
Used for things and animals
(as object)

1 2 3 4

who whose
Used for people
Used for people (possession)
(as subject)
 Relative Pronouns
where
Used for place

5 6 7

that when
Used for people and things Used for time
 Example 1:

• The student is an excellent student.

• The student sits in the corner.

The student who sits in the corner is an excellent student.

WHO Example 2:
Used for people (as subject)
• Tommy is very famous.

• He is my cousin.
Tommy, who is my cousin, is very famous.
 Example 1:

• The man is my grandfather.

• I give the cake to him (the man).

The man to whom I give the cake is my grandfather.

WHOM Example 2:
Used for people (as object)
• I met a man.

• I used to work with him.

I met a man with whom I used to work.
 Example 1:

• I know the man.

• His bicycle is stolen.

I know the man whose bicycle is stolen.

WHOSE Example 2:
Used for people (possession)
• The woman is my neighbor.

• Her pet is so cute.

The woman whose pet is so cute is my neighbor.
 Example 1:

• The book is mine.

• The book is on the table.

The book which is on the table is mine.

WHICH Example 2:
Used for things and animals
• The lion is the king of the jungle.

• The lion is a member of the cat family.

The lion which is a member of the cat family is the king of
the jungle.
 Example:

• The book has become a bestseller.

THAT • The book is written by J.K. Rowling.

The book that is written by J.K. Rowling has become a

Used for people, things and bestseller.
animals
It can replace who/which
(defining relative clauses)
 Example 1:

• The house is very luxurious.

• She lives there.

The house where she lives is very luxurious.

WHERE Example 2:
Used for place
• Petra 5 SHS is a very good school.

• I study there.
Petra 5 SHS where I study is a very good school.
 Example 1:

• I never forget the day.

• I met you at that day.

I never forget the day when I met you.

WHEN Example 2:
Used for time
• I will be waiting for you at 9.00 a.m. tomorrow.

• Your plane lands at that time tomorrow.

I will be waiting for you at 9.00 a.m. tomorrow when your
plane lands.
EXERCISE
1. The magic show was boring. I went to it.

The magic show to which I went was boring.

2. The man was very kind. I talked to him yesterday.

The man to whom I talked yesterday was very kind.

3. I must thank the people. I got a present from them.

I must thank the people from whom I got a present.

4. Our school principal delivered the opening speech last night. He is a very smart man.

Our school principal who is a very smart

man delivered the opening speech last
night.
5. Chef Juna scolded the contestants. They cooked the dish badly.

Chef Juna scolded the contestants who cooked the dish badly.

6. Last night I met that boy. He helped me with the direction to your house.

Last night I met that boy who helped me with the direction to your
house.
7. The picture was beautiful. She was looking at it.

The picture which she was looking at was beautiful.

8. The topic was interesting. Omar talked about it.

The topic which Omar talked about was

interesting.
9. The people were friendly. I spoke to them.

The people to whom I spoke were friendly.

10. The dog barked loudly. It was very happy to see its owner again.

The dog which was very happy to see its owner again barked loudly..

11. The book was good. I read it.

The book which I read was good.

12. I know a girl. Her brother is a movie star.

I know a girl whose brother is a movie star.

13. The city was beautiful. We spent our vacation there.

The city where we spent our vacation was

beautiful.

14. The waiter was friendly. He served us dinner.

The waiter who served us dinner was

friendly.

15. The soup was too salty. I had it for lunch.

The soup which I had for lunch was too salty.

 Find the Differences

The teacher who Mr. Wilson, who

teaches Math is a smart Relative teaches Math, is a smart
teacher. Clauses teacher.
Defining Relative Non-Defining Relative
Clause Clause
 Defining Relative Clauses
The girl is my sister. The girl is wearing a red dress.

The girl who is wearing a red dress is my sister.

1 3
Contain important information that Without this information, the
we need to understand the noun – meaning would be unclear.
the person or thing that is being
described.
2 4
Clearly define what is being No commas are used.
described.
 Non-Defining Relative Clauses
Jessi is my sister. Jessi is wearing a red dress.

Jessi, who is wearing a red dress, is my sister.

1 2 3
Give us extra information The extra information is not Always have a comma
about what is being essential to our before and after them.
described (the noun). understanding.
 Defining or Non-Defining?

I have three brothers.

Defining Non-Defining

My brother who lives in Sidney came My brother, who lives in Sidney,

to see me last month. came to see me last month.
 Defining or Non-Defining?

I have one sister.

Defining Non-Defining

My sister who is 25 years old spent My sister, who is 25 years old, spent
her holiday in France. her holiday in France.
 Defining or Non-Defining?

Bob's mum has lost her keys.

Defining Non-Defining

Bob's mum who is a musician has Bob's mum, who is a musician, has
lost her car keys. lost her car keys.
 Defining or Non-Defining?

My friend Jane moved to Canada.

Defining Non-Defining

My friend Jane whose husband is My friend Jane, whose husband is

Canadian moved to Canada last Canadian, moved to Canada last
week. week.
 Defining or Non-Defining?

I am a shoe fanatic.

Defining Non-Defining

The shoes which I bought yesterday The shoes, which I bought

are very comfortable. yesterday, are very comfortable.
 Defining or Non-Defining?

Mr. Robinson is very famous.

Defining Non-Defining

Mr. Robinson whom I met at the Mr. Robinson, whom I met at the
trade fair is a famous inventor. trade fair, is a famous inventor.
 Defining or Non-Defining?

Tamara has two cats. Both of them are black.

Defining Non-Defining

Tamara's two cats which are black Tamara's two cats, which are black,
can play outside. can play outside.
 Defining or Non-Defining?

Kevin has four cats. Two of them are black.

Defining Non-Defining

Kevin's two cats which are black can Kevin's two cats, which are black,
play outside. can play outside.
 Defining or Non-Defining?

We are on holiday. Yesterday we visited a church.

Defining Non-Defining

The church which we visited The church, which we visited

yesterday is very old. yesterday, is very old.
 Defining or Non-Defining?

We are on holiday. Yesterday we visited a church.

Defining Non-Defining

St. Mary's Church which we visited St. Mary's Church, which we visited
yesterday is very old. yesterday, is very old.
Thanks!

CREDITS: This presentation template was created by

Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon and infographics &
images by Freepik

Please keep this slide for attribution