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8.1 Definition of Acids &amp Pook

1. The document discusses acids and bases, defining them as substances that either donate or accept protons. It provides examples of common acids like hydrochloric acid and common bases like sodium hydroxide. 2. Acids are classified as either monoprotic, meaning they donate one proton, or diprotic, donating two protons. Sulfuric acid is given as an example diprotic acid. 3. A neutralization reaction is described as an acid reacting with a base to produce a salt and water, through the reaction of hydrogen and hydroxide ions.

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32 views36 pages

8.1 Definition of Acids &amp Pook

1. The document discusses acids and bases, defining them as substances that either donate or accept protons. It provides examples of common acids like hydrochloric acid and common bases like sodium hydroxide. 2. Acids are classified as either monoprotic, meaning they donate one proton, or diprotic, donating two protons. Sulfuric acid is given as an example diprotic acid. 3. A neutralization reaction is described as an acid reacting with a base to produce a salt and water, through the reaction of hydrogen and hydroxide ions.

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29seolaiscooltbh
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© © All Rights Reserved
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CH 8:- ACIDS, BASES & SALTS

• LESSON 1
• DEFINITION OF ACIDS &
BASES

• GRADE 9 IGCSE CHEMISTRY


What is an acid?
Acids are a group of soluble chemicals.
What do you know about acids?
Are all acids dangerous?
What are acids and alkalis?
COMMON ACIDS
Name of Acid Formula of Acid

1. Hydrochloric acid HCl

2. Nitric acid HNO3

3. Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)

4. Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)

5. Benzoic acid (C6H5COOH)


COMMON BASES
Name of Alkali Formula of Alkali

1. Sodium hydroxide NaOH


2. Potassium hydroxide KOH
3. Ammonia NH3

4. Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2


Naming acids and alkalis
What are acids?
Acids can be defined as substances that release H +
ions
when they dissolve in water.
When hydrogen chloride
dissolves in water, it releases
H+ ions and Cl– ions:

HCl H+ + Cl–

When ethanoic acid dissolves in water, it releases H+ ions


and CH3COO– ions:

CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO–

Since acids release H+ ions, we call them H+ donors.


What are H +
ions?
Hydrogen atoms contain one proton and
one electron.

A H+ ion is a hydrogen atom that has


lost its single electron. This leaves a
lone, positively charged proton.

Because acids donate protons, they are sometimes called


proton donors.

When dissolved in water, the H+ ion is hydrated. This is


represented in formulae by adding a state symbol, H+ (aq).
Definition of Acid & Bases
• Acids are proton donor and bases are
proton acceptor.
• When Nitric acid is added to water, the
following reaction occurs.

• Nitric acid donates proton to water. So,


water is behaving as a base.
Monoprotic acid:-
• The acid which produces only one proton in
water e.g., Hydrochloric acid.
• HCl(aq) → H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
• One mole of monoprotic acid reacts with
one mole of alkali to form salt and water.
• HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)→ NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

• H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l)


Diprotic acid:-
• The acid which produces two protons in
water e.g., Sulphuric acid
• H2SO4(aq) → 2H+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
• One mole of diprotic acid reacts with two
moles of alkali to form salt and water.
• H2SO4(aq)+2NaOH(aq)→Na2SO4(aq)+ 2H2O(l)

• 2H+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) → 2H2O(l)


Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) contains two hydrogen ions per sulphate
ion. Both hydrogen ions can dissociate in solution.
It is therefore called a diprotic acid. In general the first H+ ion
of a diprotic acid will dissociate more readily than the second.
H2SO4 is a strong acid, so it fully dissociates to release its
first H+ ion:

H2SO4 H+ + HSO4–

However, HSO4– is a weak acid, so it only dissociates partially


to release the second H+ ion:

HSO4– ⇌ H+ + SO42–
What are bases and alkalis?
Bases are substances that react with acids.
They absorb hydrogen ions (H+). Bases are therefore
H+ acceptors, or proton acceptors.
The oxides, hydroxides and carbonates of metals, such as
sodium carbonate, are bases.
Some bases are soluble in water:
bases:
these bases are called alkalis.
react with acids
Alkalis release hydroxide ions
(OH–) in solution. alkalis:
soluble
All alkalis are bases, but not all bases
bases are alkalis.
Examples of bases and alkalis
Sodium hydroxide is an alkali. It dissolves in water to release
Na+ ions and OH– ions:

NaOH Na+ + OH–

Ammonia is a base that does not contain


a metal. It can accept a proton to form
the NH4+ ion.

Ammonia is also an alkali. It dissolves in


water to release NH4+ ions and OH– ions:

NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH–


What happens in neutralization?
In a neutralization reaction, an acid reacts with an alkali to
produce a salt and water.

When the acid reacts with the alkali, the acid’s H+ ions
react with the alkali’s OH– ions, forming water.

H+ + OH– H2O

This process takes place in all neutralization reactions.

+
acid alkali salt + water
The history of acids
Theories about acids and bases
When the 25-year-old Svante Arrhenius submitted his
dissertation to Uppsala University in 1884, he was
disappointed to receive only a fourth-class degree.
His theories relied on the idea that compounds disassociate in
water to form ions. This was a new idea that had not been
proposed before.
In contrast Brønsted and Lowry’s ideas were immediately
accepted and embraced by other scientists.
Their theory was based on Arrhenius’s ideas. Both were
among many respected scientists working on acids and bases
at the time.

Why do you think the scientific community


responded differently to the two theories?
Acid or alkali?
What is a weak acid?
Some acids are found in everyday items such as food and
drink, and skincare products.

It is safe to handle these acids, and in some cases even to


taste them! These acids are known as weak acids.
What is a strong acid?
Some acids, like those found in the laboratory or a car
battery, are too dangerous to taste or touch.

These acids are said


to be corrosive as
they can damage
other materials by
wearing them away.

These are strong acids.

What safety precautions should you take when handling a


strong acid?
The Acid Bath Murderer
Concentrated acids can completely dissolve skin and bones.

In the 1940s, an Englishman called John Haigh murdered six


people, and disposed of each of the bodies by dissolving them
in sulfuric acid for two days.

Without the bodies as evidence Haigh


thought he would get away with the
crimes, but a pathologist found human
fat, pieces of bone, gall stones and
false teeth, which had resisted the acid.

John Haigh was found guilty of the murders and sentenced to


death by hanging in 1949.
What is an alkali?
Alkalis are substances that are chemically the opposite
of acids.
Weak alkalis are found in soaps and other
cleaning materials. They are also used in
antacids to treat indigestion.
It is safe to handle these
alkalis, which often feel soapy.
These alkalis are weak
alkalis.
What is a strong alkali?
Some alkalis, like those used
in laboratories, or in cleaning
materials such as bleach, are
too dangerous to touch.
These alkalis are said to be
caustic because they can
burn skin, and damage other
materials.
These are strong alkalis.
What safety precautions
should you take when
handling a strong alkali?
What effect do alkalis have on
Many people suffer from eczema, a condition which can make
the skin itchy and sore.our skin?

Sometimes this is caused by


an allergic reaction to soap
or other cleaning materials.

Which chemicals in soap do


you think might cause the
allergic reaction?

How could you find


out what is causing
the allergic reaction?
What is a neutral substance?
Neutral substances are neither acidic nor alkaline.

 Pure water is a neutral substance.

 Saltwater, milk, saliva and


blood may actually be slightly
acidic or alkaline, but are all
very close to neutral.

What safety precautions should


you take when handling a
neutral substance?
The litmus test
The litmus test
Uses of sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid has a role in the manufacture of many products.

explosives steel fertilizers

paper oil nylon


Acid or alkali: true or false?
Acid or alkali: summary
Multiple-choice quiz
Acids and alkalis – true or false?
Strong or weak?
Strong and weak acids and alkalis
Glossary
Glossary

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