•

Describe the effects of disasters on one's life

Analyze disaster from the different perspectives (physical, psychological, socio-cultural, economic, political, and biological)
 RISK FACTORS
UNDERLYING DISASTER
 Physical factors
• would pertain to tangible objects or
infrastructure, like the availability
of fire exits, or the sturdiness of the
building, or the presence or
absence of objects that can harm
you or help you, etc.
 Psychological factors
• include state of mental capacity
and health (e.g. are we dealing with
babies? Kids? Adults? People with
special needs?), perception of self
(e.g. self-assessment of capability
to respond to disasters, fear), etc.
Socio-cultural factors
• include religion, social status,
traditions, perception by society,
etc
 Economic factors
• include assets and liabilities,
income, economic class, etc.
 Political factors
• include government structure,
diplomatic issues, etc.
 Biological factors
• include flora and fauna in
environment, health, diseases, etc.
DISASTER FROM THE DIFFERENT
PERSPECTIVE
 •- describes observable objects in a
building/infrastructure which include durability of
building, fire exits availability, and absence or presence
of an important objects that would help or harm you in
any ways. Example: houses and environmental sources
of living. Physical effects are the most visible and
quantifiable effects of a disaster. In considered in data
recording. Assessment of disaster is focused on the
following questions:
•
Physical
How many families are affected? (displacement,
injury, death)
• How many houses are damaged or washed out? (in
perspectives case of super typhoons)
• How many buildings collapsed or are damaged?
(in case of an earthquake)
• How many roads, bridges, dams and other
infrastructures are damaged? (in case of floods,
lahar flows and earthquakes)

• What is the extent of damage in agricultural

industry? (crop, losses, damaged fish cages, wash out
rice fields, etc.)
 Psychological perspectives
- pertains to the mental capacity and health of an
individual to deal with disasters. Age, perception, and
self-capacity are some of the point of considerations.
In other word, a disaster is something that could
happen within a hazard rather than the hazard itself.
Hence, one very important component of the recovery
phase, aside from relief services is debriefing of
psychological support system.
 Other psychological effects of a disaster are
the following:
a.Emotional effects: Shock, terror, irritability, blame, anger,
guilt, grief or sadness, numbing, helplessness, loss of
pleasure derived from familiar activities, difficulty feeling
happy, difficulty feeling loved.
b.Cognitive effects: impaired concentration, impaired decision-
making ability, memory impairment, disbelief, confusion,
nightmares, decreased self-esteem, decreased self-efficacy,
self-blame, intrusive thoughts, memories, dissociation,
(e.g.,tunnel vision, dreamlike or ‘spacey’ feeling).
.
 Other psychological effects of a disaster are
the following:
a.Physical effects: fatigue, exhaustion, insomnia,
cardiovascular strain, startle response, hyper arousal,
increased physical pain, reduced immune response,
headaches, gastrointestinal upset, decreased appetite,
decreased libido, vulnerability to illness.
b.Interpersonal effects: Increased relational conflict, social
withdrawal, reduced relational intimacy, alienation, impaired
work performance, decreased satisfaction, distract,
externalization of blame, externalization of vulnerability,
feeling abandoned.
 Socio-cultural perspectives
- it involves people’s beliefs, religion, traditions, social status, and
perceptions within a community with respect to considering their
response to disaster.
- What the people living at risk know and do about natural hazards
and disaster risks is mediated by a range of factors including social
conditions (such as age, gender, wealth, ethnicity) and cultural
settings (language, beliefs, traditions, customs). In most places
people are also more or less exposed by information and ideas
coming from the “outside”—the world outside their own cultural
setting. At the same time, the field of natural hazards and disasters
has developed its own debates, framework, and notions such as
vulnerability, resilience, and ‘risk’. But communities may have
different priorities and notions of natural hazards and disaster risk.
People’s socio-cultural background may affect their response to
 Economic perspectives

• it involves income, assets and liabilities, and

economic class of an individual or a community in the
society. From an economic perspective, a natural
disaster can be defined as a natural event that causes
a perturbation to the functioning of the economic
system, with a significant negative impact on assets,
production factors, output, employment, and
consumption. One salient component of assessing the
impact of disaster impact from this view is defining
direct economic cost and indirect losses.
 Political perspectives
• it involves structure of the government, issues in
diplomacy, etc. in dealing with disasters. From this
view, natural disasters are commonly thought to be
less politically contentious than armed conflicts.
• Political considerations before, during, and after a
natural disaster can determine who is most at risk,
who can intervene, what actions will be taken, and
who will benefit from those actions.
 Biological perspectives
– it involves the role of flora (plants) and fauna
(animals) in the environment, diseases, health,
etc. Disasters are not random an do not occur
by accident. They are the convergence of
hazards and vulnerable conditions.
Disasters and
Its Effects
 A natural disaster can bring about many devastating effects.
Among these are deaths, destruction of infrastructures, loss of
livelihood and services, and other physical and nonphysical
effects. Since we are partly responsible for the disasters
happening around us, we must change some of our ways, in
order to prevent or minimize the effects of disasters in our lives.
Think of a disaster that you had
experienced, watched, or read
in the past two years. What did
you feel while experiencing,
watching, or reading it.
What troubling situations reminded you of the scenarios?
 A disaster is a damaging event that occurs suddenly and involves
loss of life and property. It can be of two types, natural and man-made.
Natural disasters can destroy a whole community in an instant.
Examples of natural disasters are volcanic eruptions, tsunamis,
earthquakes, and typhoons which are destructive to people's lives.

Man-made disasters on the other hand are caused by human

beings. Some of the man-made disasters are bomb explosions,
terrorism, wars, leakage of poisonous chemicals, pollutions, industrial
accidents, and epidemics. They are identified as man- made disasters
because they happen due to human actions and not by natural forces.
 A hazard is a dangerous situation or event
that carries a threat to humans. A disaster is an
event that harms humans and disrupts the
operations of society.

Hazards can only be considered disasters once it

affected humans. If a disaster happened in an
unpopulated area, it is still a hazard.
The Human Effect of Natural
and Man-Made Disasters
1.Displaced Populations
One of the most immediate effects of natural
disasters is population displacement. When countries
are ravaged by earthquakes or other powerful forces of
nature, many people need to abandon their homes and
seek shelter in other regions. A large influx of refugees
can disrupt accessibility of health care and education, as
well as food supplies and clean water.
2. Health Risks
Aside from the obvious immediate danger that
natural disasters present, the secondary effect can be just
as damaging. Severe flooding can result in stagnant
water that allows breeding of waterborne bacteria and
malaria carrying mosquitoes. Without emergency relief
from international aid organizations and others, death
tolls can rise even after the immediate danger has
passed.
3. Food Scarcity
The aftermath of natural disasters affects the food
supplies. Thousands of people around the world are
hungry because of destroyed crops and loss
of agricultural supplies, whether it happens suddenly in a
storm or gradually in a drought. As a result, food prices
rise reducing families’ purchasing power and increasing
the risk of severe malnutrition or worse.
The impacts of hunger following an earthquake, typhoon
or hurricane can be tremendous, causing lifelong
damage to children’s development.
4. Emotional Aftershocks
Natural disasters can be particularly traumatic for
young children. Confronted with scenes of destruction
and the deaths of friends and loved ones, many
children develop post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD), a serious psychological condition resulting
from extreme trauma. Left untreated, children suffering
from PTSD can be prone to lasting psychological
damage and emotional distress.
 THE CONCEPT
OF DISASTER &
DISASTER RISK

03/20/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 37

TERMINOLOGIES
 DISASTER – a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a
society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of
exposure, vulnerability, and capacity that may lead to one or more of the
following losses & impacts:
a. Human material
b. Economic
c. Environmental
 An event is already a disaster if a hazard has already affected a population
making them vulnerable.

03/20/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 38

TERMINOLOGIES
 DISASTER RISK – the potential loss of life, injury or destroyed or
damaged assets which could occur to a system, society or a community in a
specific period, determined probabilistically as a function of hazard,
exposure, vulnerability, and capacity

Disaster Risk

03/20/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 39

TERMINOLOGIES
 HAZARD – a process, phenomenon, or human activity that may cause loss
of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, social and
economic disruption or even environmental degradation.
 EXPOSURE – the situation of people, infrastructure, housing, production
capacities and other tangible human assets located in hazard-prone areas.
 VULNERABILITY – a condition determined by physical, social, economic
and environmental factors or processes which increases the susceptibility
of an individual, a community, assets or systems to the impacts of hazards.

03/20/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 40

TERMINOLOGIES
 CAPACITY – the combination of all strengths, attributes, and resources
available within an organization, community, or society to manage &
reduce disaster risks and strengthen resilience.
 The capacity of a community may include:
a. Knowledge & skills of people
b. Leadership and management of the Local Government
c. Infrastructure & facilities available to the community

03/20/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 41

DISASTER
HAZAR EXPOSUR
RISK CAN E
BE D RISK
PRESENTE
D IN THIS VULNERABILIT
DIAGRAM: Y-COPING
CAPACITY

03/20/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 42

The following are the effects of the disasters to
the community:
1. Deaths or mortalities, injuries and missing persons.
2. Displaced population
3. Health risks
4. Food scarcity and water shortage
5. Emotional aftershocks (PTSD developed commonly among
children)
6. Economic loss
7. Infrastructure and property damages
03/20/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 43
 EXPOSURE
 The situation of people,
infrastructure, housing, production
capacities and other tangible human
assets located in hazard-prone areas.

03/20/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 44

 VULNERABILITY
 The condition determined by physical, social,
economic, and environmental factors or processes
which increase the susceptibility of an individual, a
community, assets or systems to the impacts of
hazards.
 Vulnerability arises as an outcome of a lack of or
insufficient capacity.
03/20/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 45
 EXPOSURE:
Elements Exposed to
Hazards
Exposed Elements & Dimensions of Vulnerability

03/20/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 46

 PHYSICAL ELEMENTS
 Infrastructures (bridges, roads, railways, harbors &
airports)
 Essential facilities (schools, hospitals, fire and
police stations, and emergency shelters)
 Utilities that include power, water and gas supply
 Transportation and communication facilities

03/20/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 47

SOCIETAL ELEMENTS
 Vulnerable age groups (children and
elderly)
 Persons with disability (PWD)
 Homeless
 Others
03/20/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 48
ECONOMIC ELEMENTS
 Business & trade activities
 Accessibility to work
 Productivity and opportunity costs

03/20/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 49

ENVIRONMENTAL
ELEMENTS
 Biodiversity
 Environmental resources (land, water &
air)

03/20/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 50

03/20/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 51
03/20/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 52