CHAPTER 5

INTRODUCTION TO VALUATION: TIME VALUE OF

MONEY (CALCULATOR)

Copyright © 2016 by McGraw-Hill Global Education LLC. All rights reserved.

 KEY CONCEPTS AND SKILLS
• Be able to compute the future value of an investment made today

• Be able to compute the present value of cash to be received at some

future date

• Be able to compute the return on an investment

• Be able to compute the number of periods that equates a present

value and a future value given an interest rate

• Be able to use a financial calculator and a spreadsheet to solve time

value of money problems

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Copyright © 2016 by McGraw-Hill Global Education LLC. All rights reserved.
 CHAPTER OUTLINE

• Future Value and Compounding

• Present Value and Discounting

• More about Present and Future Values

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 BASIC DEFINITIONS
• Present Value – earlier money on a time line

• Future Value – later money on a time line

• Interest rate – “exchange rate” between earlier money

and later money
 Discount rate
 Cost of capital
 Opportunity cost of capital
 Required return

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 FUTURE VALUES
• Suppose you invest $1,000 for one year at 5% per
year. What is the future value in one year?
 Interest = 1,000(.05) = 50
 Value in one year = principal + interest = 1,000 +
50 = 1,050
 Future Value (FV) = 1,000(1 + .05) = 1,050

• Suppose you leave the money in for another year.

How much will you have two years from now?
 FV = 1,000(1.05)(1.05) = 1,000(1.05)2 = 1,102.50

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FUTURE VALUES: GENERAL FORMULA

• FV = PV(1 + r)t
 FV = future value
 PV = present value
 r = period interest rate, expressed as a decimal
 t = number of periods

• Future value interest factor = (1 + r)t

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 EFFECTS OF COMPOUNDING

• Simple interest vs. Compound interest

• Consider the previous example

 FV with simple interest = 1,000 +
50 + 50 = 1,100
 FV with compound interest = 1,102.50
 The extra 2.50 comes from the interest of .05(50) = 2.50 earned
on the first interest payment

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 CALCULATOR KEYS
• Texas Instruments BA-II Plus
 FV = future value
 PV = present value
 I/Y = period interest rate
• P/Y must equal 1 for the I/Y to be the period rate
• Interest is entered as a percent, not a decimal
 N = number of periods
 Remember to clear the registers (CLR TVM) after
each problem
 Other calculators are similar in format

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Copyright © 2016 by McGraw-Hill Global Education LLC. All rights reserved.
FUTURE VALUES – EXAMPLE 2
• Suppose you invest the $1,000 from the previous
example for 5 years. How much would you have?
 5 N; 5 I/Y; 1,000 PV
 CPT FV = -1,276.28

• The effect of compounding is small for a small number

of periods, but increases as the number of periods
increases. (Simple interest would have a future value of
$1,250, for a difference of $26.28.)

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 FUTURE VALUES – EXAMPLE 3

• Suppose you had a relative deposit $10 at 5.5% interest 200

years ago. How much would the investment be worth today?
 200 N; 5.5 I/Y; 10 PV
 CPT FV = -447,189.84

• What is the effect of compounding?

 Simple interest = 10 + 200(10)(.055) = 120.00
 Compounding added $447,069.84 to the value of the investment

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Copyright © 2016 by McGraw-Hill Global Education LLC. All rights reserved.
 FUTURE VALUE AS A
GENERAL GROWTH FORMULA
• Suppose your company expects to increase
unit sales of widgets by 15%
per year for the next 5 years. If you sell 3
million widgets in the current year, how many
widgets do you expect to sell in the fifth year?

 5 N;15 I/Y; 3,000,000 PV

 CPT FV = -6,034,072 units

(remember the sign convention)

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Copyright © 2016 by McGraw-Hill Global Education LLC. All rights reserved.
 PRESENT VALUES

• How much do I have to invest today to have some amount in

the future?
 FV = PV(1 + r)t
 Rearrange to solve for PV = FV / (1 + r)t

• When we talk about discounting, we mean finding the present

value of some future amount.

• When we talk about the “value” of something, we are talking

about the present value unless we specifically indicate that we
want the future value.
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 PRESENT VALUE – ONE PERIOD
EXAMPLE

• Suppose you need $10,000 in one year for the down

payment on a new car. If you can earn 7% annually,
how much do you need to invest today?

• PV = 10,000 / (1.07)1 = 9,345.79

• Calculator
 1N
 7 I/Y
 10,000 FV
 CPT PV = -9,345.79

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PRESENT VALUES – EXAMPLE 2
• You want to begin saving for your daughter’s
college education and you estimate that she will
need $150,000 in 17 years. If you feel confident
that you can earn 8% per year, how much do you
need to invest today?

 N = 17; I/Y = 8; FV = 150,000

 CPT PV = -40,540.34 (remember the sign

convention)

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PRESENT VALUES – EXAMPLE 3

• Your parents set up a trust fund for you 10

years ago that is now worth $19,671.51. If the
fund earned 7% per year, how much did your
parents invest?

 N = 10; I/Y = 7; FV = 19,671.51

 CPT PV = -10,000

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 PRESENT VALUE – IMPORTANT
RELATIONSHIP I
• For a given interest rate – the longer the time period,
the lower the present value

 What is the present value of $500 to be received in 5 years? 10

years? The discount rate is 10%

 5 years: N = 5; I/Y = 10; FV = 500

CPT PV = -310.46

 10 years: N = 10; I/Y = 10; FV = 500

CPT PV = -192.77

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 PRESENT VALUE – IMPORTANT
RELATIONSHIP II

• For a given time period – the higher the

interest rate, the smaller the present value
 What is the present value of $500 received in 5
years if the interest rate is 10%? 15%?
• Rate = 10%: N = 5; I/Y = 10; FV = 500
CPT PV = -310.46

• Rate = 15%; N = 5; I/Y = 15; FV = 500

CPT PV = -248.59

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THE BASIC PV EQUATION - REFRESHER

• PV = FV / (1 + r)t

• There are four parts to this equation

 PV, FV, r and t
 If we know any three, we can solve for the fourth

• If you are using a financial calculator, be sure to

remember the sign convention or you will receive an
error (or a nonsense answer) when solving for r or t

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 DISCOUNT RATE

• Often we will want to know what the implied interest

rate is on an investment

• Rearrange the basic PV equation and solve for r

 FV = PV(1 + r)t
 r = (FV / PV)1/t – 1

• If you are using formulas, you will want to make use

of both the yx and the 1/x keys

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 DISCOUNT RATE – EXAMPLE 1

• You are looking at an investment that will pay $1,200

in 5 years if you invest $1,000 today. What is the
implied rate of interest?

 r = (1,200 / 1,000)1/5 – 1 = .03714 = 3.714%

 Calculator – the sign convention matters!!!

• N=5
• PV = -1,000 (you pay 1,000 today)
• FV = 1,200 (you receive 1,200 in 5 years)
• CPT I/Y = 3.714%

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 DISCOUNT RATE – EXAMPLE 2

• Suppose you are offered an investment that will allow

you to double your money in 6 years. You have
$10,000 to invest. What is the implied rate of
interest?

N=6
 PV = -10,000
 FV = 20,000
 CPT I/Y = 12.25%

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 DISCOUNT RATE – EXAMPLE 3

• Suppose you have a 1-year old son and you want

to provide $75,000 in 17 years towards his
college education.
• You currently have $5,000 to invest.
• What interest rate must you earn to have the $75,000 when you
need it?

 N = 17; PV = -5,000; FV = 75,000

 CPT I/Y = 17.27%

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 FINDING THE NUMBER
OF PERIODS
• Start with the basic equation and solve for t (remember your
logs)
 FV = PV(1 + r)t
 t = ln(FV / PV) / ln(1 + r)

• You can use the financial keys on the calculator as well; just
remember the sign convention.

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NUMBER OF PERIODS – EXAMPLE 1

• You want to purchase a new car, and you are

willing to pay $20,000.
• If you can invest at 10% per year and you
currently have $15,000, how long will it be
before you have enough money to pay cash for
the car?
 I/Y = 10; PV = -15,000; FV = 20,000

 CPT N = 3.02 years

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 NUMBER OF PERIODS – EXAMPLE 2

• Suppose you want to buy a new house.

• You currently have $15,000, and you figure you need to
have a 10% down payment plus an additional 5% of the
loan amount for closing costs.
• Assume the type of house you want will cost about
$150,000 and you can earn 7.5% per year.
• How long will it be before you have enough money for the
down payment and closing costs?

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NUMBER OF PERIODS – EXAMPLE 2
CONTINUED
• How much do you need to have in the future?
 Down payment = .1(150,000) = 15,000
 Closing costs = .05(150,000 – 15,000) = 6,750
 Total needed = 15,000 + 6,750 = 21,750

• Compute the number of periods

• Using a financial calculator:

 PV = -15,000; FV = 21,750; I/Y = 7.5
 CPT N = 5.14 years

• Using the formula:

 t = ln(21,750 / 15,000) / ln(1.075) = 5.14 years
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 SPREADSHEET EXAMPLE
• Use the following formulas for TVM calculations
 FV(rate,nper,pmt,pv)
 PV(rate,nper,pmt,fv)
 RATE(nper,pmt,pv,fv)
 NPER(rate,pmt,pv,fv)

• The formula icon is very useful when you can’t

remember the exact formula
• Click on the Excel icon to open a spreadsheet
containing four different examples.

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