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Sensor Networking

Wireless sensor networks consist of distributed sensor nodes that monitor environmental conditions and communicate wirelessly. Sensor nodes have limited resources but can be embedded in the environment. Data is transmitted through multi-hop routing to aggregation points. Challenges include heterogeneous devices, distributed processing, low bandwidth, large-scale coordination, energy efficiency and operating in harsh environments. Applications include military, environmental monitoring, healthcare and smart homes/offices.

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Rohit Vanmore
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13 views17 pages

Sensor Networking

Wireless sensor networks consist of distributed sensor nodes that monitor environmental conditions and communicate wirelessly. Sensor nodes have limited resources but can be embedded in the environment. Data is transmitted through multi-hop routing to aggregation points. Challenges include heterogeneous devices, distributed processing, low bandwidth, large-scale coordination, energy efficiency and operating in harsh environments. Applications include military, environmental monitoring, healthcare and smart homes/offices.

Uploaded by

Rohit Vanmore
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SENSOR NETWORS

Introduction
• A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of
spatially distributed autonomous devices using sensors to
cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as
temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants, at
different locations.

• A collection of sensing devices that can communicate wirelessly.


Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN)
• Even though wireless sensors has limited resources in memory,
computation power, bandwidth, and energy.

• With small physical size. It Can be embedded in the physical


environment.

• Self-organizing multi-hop ad-doc networks


Architecture for a WSN(Wireless Network
Architecture)
Special addressing requirement
• Local unique addresses
• Data-centric
• Example: Each node has an unique number. Attribute-based naming
architecture
• Data is named by one or more attributes.
• Example: Each node is distinguished by an attribute – GPS sensors are
practical for this.
Wireless Sensor Node
• sensor
– A transducer
– converts physical phenomenon e.g. heat, light, motion, vibration, and sound
into electrical signals.
• sensor node
– basic unit in sensor network
– contains on-board sensors, processor, memory, transceiver, and power supply
• sensor network
– consists of a large number of sensor nodes
– nodes deployed either inside or very close to the sensed phenomenon
Architecture of Sensor Node
Transceiver

Sensor 1
Power Source

Micro-Controller ADC

Sensor 2

External Memory
Data Aggregation in WSNs

– Solves implosion and overlap problem

– Energy efficient
Characteristics
• Power consumption constraints for nodes using batteries or energy harvesting
• Ability to cope with node failures (resilience)
• Mobility of nodes
• Heterogeneity of nodes
• Scalability to large scale of deployment
• Ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions
• Ease of use
• Cross-layer design
Factors Influencing WSN Design
• Fault tolerance
• Scalability
• Production costs
• Hardware constraints
• Sensor network topology
• Environment
• Transmission media
• Power Consumption
– Sensing
– Communication
– Data processing
Applications
• Military Applications
• Environmental Applications
• Health Applications
• Home and Office Applications
• Automotive Applications
• Other Commercial Applications
Advantages
• It avoids a lot of wiring .
• It can accommodate new devices at any time .
• It's flexible to go through physical partitions .
• It can be accessed through a centralized monitor
Disadvantages
• Lower speed compared to wired network.
• Less secure because hacker's laptop can act as Access Point. If you
connected to their laptop, they'll read all your information (username,
password.. etc).
• More complex to configure than wired network.
• Gets distracted by various elements like Blue-tooth .
• Still Costly at large.
• It does not make sensing quantities in buildings easier.
• It does not reduce costs for installation of sensors.
• It does not allow us to do more than can be done with a wired system
Design Challenges
• Heterogeneity
– The devices deployed may be of various types and need to
collaborate with each other.
• Distributed Processing
– The algorithms need to be centralized as the processing is carried
out on different nodes.
• Low Bandwidth Communication
– The data should be transferred efficiently between sensors
Continued..
• Large Scale Coordination
– The sensors need to coordinate with each other to
produce required results.
• Utilization of Sensors
– The sensors should be utilized in a ways that produce the
maximum performance and use less energy.
• Real Time Computation
– The computation should be done quickly as new data is
always being generated.
Operational Challenges of Wireless Sensor
Networks
• Energy Efficiency
• Limited storage and computation
• Low bandwidth and high error rates
• Errors are common – Wireless communication
– Noisy measurements
– Node failure are expected
• Scalability to a large number of sensor nodes
• Survivability in harsh environments
• Experiments are time- and space-intensive
Future of WSN

• Smart Home / Smart Office


• Sensors controlling appliances and
electrical devices in the house.
• Better lighting and heating in office
buildings.
• The Pentagon building has used
sensors extensively.
Conclusion
• WSNs possible today due to technological advancement in various
domains
• Envisioned to become an essential part of our lives
• Design Constraints need to be satisfied for realization of sensor
networks
• Tremendous research efforts being made in different layers of WSNs
protocol stack

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