It’s always a shame when a

guy with great talent can’t

tell the board or a committee
what’s in his head.
 PUBLIC
SPEAKING
 Public speaking
is the process and act
of speaking or giving a lecture to a
group of people in a structured,
deliberate manner intended to
inform, influence, or entertain a
listening audience.
 Public Speaking as a
Communication Process
• Communication is a transactional
process of skillfully sharing, selecting,
and sorting ideas, symbols, and signs
in such a way as to help listeners
elicit from their own minds a meaning
or construction similar to that
intended by the speaker.
The Ross Transactional Model makes clear
the importance of:
situation, context, climate, mood, and the
notion of feedback. It focuses on how ideas
are processed, encoded, and delivered by a
speaker and then decoded, intrapersonally
reconstructed, and reacted to by receivers.
In public speaking, as in any form of
communication, there are five basic
elements, often expressed as
"who is saying what to whom using
what medium with what effects?"
 Elements
• Speaker
• Subject
• Audience/Listeners
• Medium
• Effects
 Factors that Make Up Effective
Public Speaking
1. PERSONALITY
It is impossible to make interesting speakers
out of uninteresting people. Only people with
interesting personality make good speakers.
 Personality
• the sum total of all our
physical, mental and
emotional traits.
• Through speech, we express our
individual personality, our total self. What
we say bears the imprint of our
sympathies, prejudices, passions, fears,
and aspirations as it is filtered through our
inner selves on the way to expression. Our
spontaneous speech reveals our mental
states and our emotional attitudes, our
upbringing and our level of education.
Hence, speech reveals our personality.
 Personality
1. Personal Grooming
2. Attitudes
 Personal Grooming
• As a speaker, is your dress appropriate to the
occasion?
• Are you neat and comfortable?
• Do you choose clothes that will establish basic
similarities with your audience so that you make
them feel at ease and comfortable with you?
• Are your clothes well-pressed or your shoes
well-shined?
• Are your hands and fingernails clean?
• Is your hair properly and neatly combed? If a
woman, is your hairdo becoming to you and
appropriate to the speaking occasion?
• Are you sloven in appearance? Careless or
untidy?
• Does your taste clearly show in your choice of
accessories that will harmonize with your chosen
clothes and your personality?
• Do you take pains to look your best in public
appearances?
 Attitude
• Do you show poise and confidence through
good posture while sitting or standing?
• Do you sit or stand at ease or do you slouch or
are you sloppy?
• What facial expressions do you show? Alert and
attentive?
• Do you make your audience feel the magnetism
of your smile?
• Do you communicate a feeling of pleasantness
because you assume a friendly and an amiable
attitude towards your audience?
• Or are you ostentatiously confident? Arrogant?
Aloof? Hostile?
• Do you appear indifferent? Apathetic?
Subservient? Lazy? Subdued? Timid or shy?
• Do you display a rigid, tense, too formal facial
expression as to make your audience
uncomfortable and nervous during the process
of thought communication?
2. INTELLIGENCE
We shall consider the intelligence of a
speaker as consisting of common sense,
tact, good taste, wide interests, and self-
criticism. No matter how much self-
confidence or self-assurance a speaker has,
if he does not have some measure of
intelligence, his public appearance as a
speaker will be completely brief and a
failure.
 Common Sense

It is the ability of the speaker to size up

situations, to meet emergencies and to act
accordingly. Common sense is also
manifested in the speaker's demonstration
of good judgment to select and to discuss
topics according to the needs of the
occasion and the demands of the audience.
 Tact

This quality of the speaker is dependent

upon his imagination and discernment. With
imagination, a speaker can put himself in the
shoes of his fellow being and realize how he
would feel if some unkind remark were
made about him. This is empathy at work.
 Good Taste
Good taste helps the speaker to choose a
subject appropriate to the needs of the
audience and the demands of the occasion,
to select a language adapted to the
educational level of the audience and to
speak with ease and naturalness rather than
with exaggerated elocution, elegant English,
and artificiality and affectation of expression.
 Wide Interest

This quality is revealed in the speaker's

profound knowledge of people, things, or
situations. If there is anything that is most
embarrassing, sometimes even disgusting, it
is a speaker who doesn't know what he is
talking about.
 Self-criticism
This manifestation of the speaker's
intelligence is revealed in the ability of the
speaker to hold himself at arm's length
occasionally and to evaluate himself in the
light of his public performance as a
communicator of ideas. The ability to accept
criticisms gracefully is indicative of a mature
personality.
3. INTEGRITY OF VIRTUE

“Never under any circumstance or

for any reward tell an audience
what you yourself do not believe
in or are even indifferent about.”
- Albert J.
Beverage
 4. TRAINING

1. Training tells the speaker what to say.

2. Training teaches the speaker how to say the
speech.
3. Training develops the speaker’s confidence in
his ability to communicate effectively.
4. Training develops creative but critical thinking
rather than a mechanical one.
5. Training aids the speaker to achieve the main
objective of effective communication – to create
a particular effect on a particular audience.
 5. TECHNIQUES

• Voice – the sound produced by the vibration of the

vocal cords
• Voice pitch – the highness or lowness of tone
• Voice volume – the loudness or carrying power of
voice
• Voice quality – that which distinguishes one voice
from another when pitch, volume, and duration
are the same (nasal, mellow).
• Speech rate and pause – number of words
uttered per minute and the cessation of speaking
within or between sentences.
• Enunciation and pronunciation – the formation of
voice into words, manner of utterance
• Gestures – movement of arms, shoulders, hands
or head.
• Posture – position and bearing of the body
• Facial expression – general appearance of the
face.
• Organization of thought – logical arrangement of
ideas
• Composition – manner of formulating ideas into
effective sentences.
• Phrasing – the grouping of words into
small units of thoughts
• Audience contact – establishing mental
contact with the audience by talking to its
members
• Motivation – the use of appeals and
subject matter which are important to the
audience and induce audience action
GATHERING MATERIALS:
Many resources are available if you take
advantage of them. When you have
personal experience or more-than-average
knowledge about a topic, you can use
yourself as a resource. Most of the time,
however, you will need outside information,
which you can get in the library, on the
Internet, or by interviewing people with
specialized information about your topic.
The types of supporting materials are:
• Personal experience
• Common knowledge
• Direct observation
• Examples
• Documents
• Statistics
• Testimony