Syllabus

Analog and Digital Communication – Modern communication system

scheme, Information source, and input transducer, Transmitter, Channel
or Medium – Hardwired and Soft wired, Noise, Receiver, Multiplexing,
Types of communication systems.
Types of modulation (only concepts) – AM, FM, Concept of Radio wave
propagation (Ground, space, sky)
Schematic block diagram of a Basic Communication System
The Main Constituents of a basic Communication System
are

Information source and transducer

Transmitter
Channel or medium
Noise
Receiver
Output transducer and final destination
 Information Source and Transducer

A communication system transmits information from an information source

(message) to a destination.
Examples: Voice, Live scenes(video), music, written text, and e-mail.
A transducer is a device that converts a non-electrical energy into its
corresponding electrical energy called signal and vice versa.
Example Transducers: Sound : Microphone
Picture: Camera
Text : Keyboard
Temperature/Pressure: Sensor with transducer
Example Transducers
 Type of Signals

Signals are functions that carry information. We use signals to convey

information from place to place. In electronics, signals are mainly in
the form of varying voltages
There are two types of signals.
(a)Analog signals

(b) Digital signals

 Analog Signals
 Analog signals are continuous signals.
 The values of voltage will change in a
continuous range w.r.t time.
 Usually represented using sinusoidal
waves.
 Records the information as it is.
 These signals are used in analog devices
 More affected by Noise

 Examples: Any natural sound, human

voice, data read by analog devices.
 Digital Signals
 Digital signals are not continuous, but
change in discrete steps or increments they
are discrete signals.
 The values of voltage will be discontinuous
w.r.t time.
 Can represent in the form of square waves..
 Converts the information into binary form.
 Generated by Digital electronic devices like
computers, smartphones, smartwatches,
etc.
 More resilient to Noise
 Examples: Electronic signals, computer
signals, data read by digital devices.
TRANSMITTER
 TRANSMITTER

The base band signal, output from the information input transducer, is input
to the transmitter.
The transmitter section processes the signal prior to transmission. The nature
of processing depends on the type of communication system.
There are two options for processing signals prior transmission
(i) The baseband signal, which lies in the low frequency spectrum, is
translated to a higher frequency spectrum---carrier communication system
(ii) The baseband signal is transmitted without translating it to a higher
frequency spectrum.----baseband communication system.
The Processing
of a baseband
Signal
 BLOCK DIAGRAM
REPRESENTING
SCHEMATIC OF
ANALOG
TRANSMITTER
SECTION

• s(t) applied to the modulated stage, the baseband signal is translated from low to high
frequency spectrum.
• This stage also receives another input called the carrier signal, c(t), which is generated by a
high frequency carrier oscillator.
• Modulation takes place at this stage with the baseband and the carrier signals .
• The baseband signal is translated to a high frequency spectrum and the carrier signal is
said to be modulated by the baseband signal.
• The output of the modulated stage is called the modulated signal, and is designated as x(t).
 Power Amplifier Stage

The power amplifier stage amplifies the power of the

modulated signal and thus it carries enough power to reach
the receiver stage of the communication system.

Finally, the signal is passed to the transmission medium or

channel.
 Antenna - For Wireless transmission of signals

Antenna: Converts electrical signal to

EM waves
 CHANNEL OR MEDIUM

The transmission medium between the transmitter and the receiver is

called a channel.
The transmitted signal should have adequate power to withstand the
channel noise.
The channel characteristics also impose constraints on the bandwidth
Depending on the physical implementations, one can classify the channels
in the following two groups:
a)Hardwired channels and
b) Softwired channels.
 Hardwired (Hardware) Channels
Are manmade structures which can be used as transmission medium.
There are following three possible implementations of the hardware
channels.
Transmission lines
Waveguides
Optical Fiber Cables (OFC)
 Soft-wired (Software) Channels

Natural resources which can be used as the transmission

medium for signals.
Eg. Air or Open space and Sea water.
The signals are transmitted in the form of electromagnetic (EM)
waves also called radio waves.
Radio waves travel through open space at a speed equal to that
of light (c = 3 x 108 m/s)
 NOISE

Noise is defined as unwanted electrical energy of random

and unpredictable nature .
Noise is a highly undesirable part of a communication system,
and has to be minimized.
When noise is mixed with the transmitted signal, it rides over
it and deteriorates its waveform
SNR and Noise figure (F)
Measurement of SNR
Noise Factor and Noise Figure (F)
 RECEIVER

The task of the receiver is to provide the original information to

the user.
The signal received by the receiver is r(t).
This signal contains both the transmitted signal, x(t), and the
noise, n(t), added to it during transmission
RECEIVER
Detailed block diagram of a Typical Receive Section
 Multiplexing is a process which allows
MULTIPLEXING
more than one signal to be transmitted
through a single channel.
TYPES OF MULTIPLEXING
 Advantages of Multiplexing
Multiplexing allows the maximum possible utilization of the
available bandwidth of the system.
The use of multiplexing also makes the communication system
economical because more than one signal can be transmitted
through a single channel.
 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
One may categorize communication systems based on their physical
infrastructure and the specifications of the signals they transmit.
Communication Systems based on Physical Infrastructure
Line Communication Systems
Communication systems based on Signal specifications
Analog/ Digital Communication systems
Baseband/ Carrier Communication systems
1.Communication
Systems based on
Physical
Infrastructure
Line Communication system
Eg. Landline telephony, TV communication is simplex ( one way transmission)
i,e., only receive the signals [and can view available channels in TV]

Two way transmission(telephony ) called duplex.

Half duplex : 2 way communication but not simultaneously signal can either sent or receive at a
time.

TV Communication --- radiowave communication – simplex

Telephone ---- line communication --- duplex
2. Communication Systems based on Signal Specifications

The signal specifications used to decide the type of communication

include:
Nature of baseband or information signal
Nature of the transmitted signal.

A. Based on the nature of the baseband signal

Analog communication systems
Digital communication systems.
 B. Based on the nature of the transmitted signal

The two systems can then be put under following categories:

Baseband communication system ( without modulation signal is transmitted as it is)
Carrier communication system ( with carrier wave modulated signal is transmitted)
Thus, there are four types of communication system categories based on signal
specification. These are:
Analog communication system
Digital communication system
Baseband communication system
Carrier communication system
Of the four, at least two types are required to specify a particular
communication system. These groups can be put as:
Analog/Digital communication system
Baseband/Carrier communication system
 Modulation
Modulation – process of translating the low frequency baseband
signal to higher frequency spectrum
Process of changing the parameters of the carrier signal, in
accordance with the instantaneous values of the modulating signal.
Need for modulation:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00ZbuhPruJw
Need for Modulation
Improves Quality of reception
Reduces Height of antenna
Options for Multiplexing
Bandwidth Extension
Increased Range of Communication
Reduced noise and interference
 Types of Analog (Continuous Wave) Modulation

 Amplitude modulation

 Frequency modulation
 1. Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude modulation (AM) -modulation technique in which the
instantaneous amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance
with the instantaneous amplitude of the analog modulating signal to
be transmitted
Modulating signal - an analog baseband signal which is random and
has a low frequency
Carrier signal- a sinusoidal wave with high frequency
Variations in amplitude of carrier signal represent the information
Amplitude Modulation
• Note : It can be observed from the figure
that the amplitude of the carrier wave is
varied in accordance with the modulating
signal while the frequency and phase of the
carrier signal remains unchanged

• Modulating signal seems to be

superimposed on the carrier signal

• Amplitude variations in the peak values of

the carrier signal exactly replicates the
modulating signal at different points of time
which is known as an envelope.
• Modulation Index = Am/Ac
Demonstrations
https://demonstrations.wolfram.com/AmplitudeModulation/
https://demonstrations.wolfram.com/PowerEfficiencyOfAmplitudeModulation/
 2. Frequency Modulation
Process of changing the frequency of the carrier signal in accordance with the
instantaneous value of the modulating voltage while keeping the amplitude
and phase of the carrier constant.
The original frequency of the carrier signal is called the centre or resting
frequency denoted as .
Frequency deviation (∆f) -The amount by which the frequency of the carrier
wave changes or shifts above or below the resting frequency.
 ∆f∝ m(t)
 Frequency Modulation
The total variation of frequency of
FM wave from the lowest to
highest is termed as carrier swing
(CS)
 CS=2× ∆f
Modulation Index
 = https://youtu.be/4SOGF4AUIY
FM Demo:
 Summary
In this Session, we have discussed

Block diagram of a Modern Electronic Communication System and

description of each block
Classification of Communication Systems : Based on Physical
infrastructure and Signal Specifications
Basic Analog and Digital modulation techniques