CHAPTER -4

Sample Design and Procedure

Sampling Design
4.1.1 Terminology Used in Sampling
Here are some important terms used in sampling:
• Population is any group of individuals that have one
or more characteristics in common that are of interest
to the researcher.
• A sample is a set of elements taken from a larger
population. The sample is a subset of the population
which is the full set of elements or people or whatever
you are sampling.
A sampling frame is just a list of all that are in
the population. 1
Terminology…
• A statistic is a numerical characteristic of a sample,
but a parameter is a numerical characteristic of
population.
• Sampling error refers to the difference between the
value of a sample statistic, such as the sample mean,
and the true value of the population parameter, such as
the population mean.
•

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Terminology…
• .
• Probability sampling is every unit of the
population has equal, calculable chance to be
sample member.
• Non-probability samples cannot depend upon the
rationale of probability theory.
• That means we cannot be sure that samples in a non-
probability sample are representative of the population
• The response rate is the percentage of people in the
sample selected for the study who actually participate
in the study
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4.1.2. Characteristics of a Good Sampling
Design
• Truly representative
• Having small sampling error
• Economically viable
• Systematic bias is controlled (in a better way)
• Results can be applied to the population in general
with a reasonable level of confidence
• Optimum size (adequately large)
• Similar to population (should have all the
characteristics that are present in the population )

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4.1.3. Determining the Sample Size
• To determine the size of an adequate sample, no fixed
ways.
• In many cases, sample size of a given research project is
influenced by factors like
• the type of population, the methods used, the available time
and resources, the purpose of the research, the instruments
used, and the capacity of the research team.
• Try to get as big of a sample as you can for your study
(i.e., because the bigger the sample the better).
• If your population is size 100 or less, then include the
whole population rather than taking a sample
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Sample size
• However, the following consideration made in
determining the size of a sample:
• If the population is homogenous with respect to the study, a
small sample may be adequate.
• If it found to be heterogeneous, a large sample may be
required.
• If a high, degree of accuracy is required, a large sample
drawn.
• If the nature of the study is qualitative, small sample is
sufficient.
• If the study is quantitative, a large number of samples
demanded
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Steps in sampling Design
• Defining the population – target population
• Listing the population – sampling frame
• Selecting a representative sample – based on appropriate
method (probability or non- probability)
• To obtain an adequate sample size we can use the following
Formula.
for statistical measurement > 100 sample size use
Slovin Formula
n = N__
1+Ne²
n = sample size
N = the size of the population
e = the margin of error
• (As much as possible the margin of error should not be higher than 5%.
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sample size…

• For example, we have a population of 29,000

and we desire degree of confidence of 95%,
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then 29000/1+(29000x(0.05) =395
respondents would be the minimum sample
size

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 4.1.4. Types of sampling

Probability Non- probability

sampling sampling

Simple
Systematic
random Quota Convenience

Stratified Cluster
random Purposive Snowball
Multistage

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Types of Sampling…
• The two major types of sampling in research are random
sampling and nonrandom sampling.
• The former produces representative samples. The latter
does not produce representative samples
1. Random Sampling Techniques(Probability sampling)
a. Simple Random Sampling
• The first type of random sampling is called simple
random sampling.
• It's the most basic type of random sampling.
• It is an equal probability sampling method (everyone in
the sampling frame has an equal chance of being in the
final sample)
• It is the most basic and well know sampling technique.
How do you draw a simple random sample?
• One way is to put all the names from your population
into a hat and then select a subset 10
Types of Sampling …
b. Systematic Sampling
• Systematic sampling is the second type of random sampling.
• It is an equal probability sampling method (EPSEM).
Systematic sampling involves three steps:
• First, determine the sampling interval, which is symbolized
by "k," (it is the population size divided by the desired
sample size).
• Second, randomly select a number between 1 and k, and
include that person in your sample.
• Third, also include each kth element in your sample.
• For example if k is 10 and your randomly selected number
between 1 and 10 was 5, then you will select persons 5, 15, 25,
35, 45, etc 11
Types of Sampling …
C. Stratified Random Sampling
•The third type of random sampling is called stratified random sampling.
• First, stratify your sampling frame (e.g., divide it into the males and the females
if you are using gender as your stratification variable).
• Second, take a random sample from each group
• Put these two sets of people together and you now have your final sample.
•There are actually two different types of stratified sampling.
• The first type of stratified sampling, and most common, is called proportional
stratified sampling.
• In proportional stratified sampling you must make sure the subsamples are
proportional to their sizes in the population.
• The second type of stratified sampling is called disproportional stratified
sampling.
• In disproportional stratified sampling, the subsamples are not proportional to
their sizes in the population. 12
Stratified Random Sampling…

•Here is an example showing the difference between proportional and

disproportional stratified sampling:
• Assume that your population is 75% female and 25% male. Assume also that
you want a sample of size 100 and you want to stratify on the variable called
gender.

• For proportional stratified sampling, you would randomly select 75 females

and 25 males from the population.

• For disproportional stratified sampling, you might randomly select 50

females and 50 males from the population.

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Types of Sampling …
d. Cluster Random Sampling
• In this type of sampling you randomly select clusters
rather than individual type units in the first stage of
sampling.
• A cluster has more than one unit in it (e.g., a school, a
classroom, a team).
• There are two types of cluster sampling, one-stage and
two-stage sampling.
• The first type of cluster sampling is called one-stage cluster
sampling.
• To select a one-stage cluster sample, you first select a random sample of
clusters.
• Then you include in your final sample all of the individual units that are
in the selected clusters. 14
Types of Sampling …
• The second type of cluster sampling is called
two-stage cluster sampling.
• In the first stage you take a random sample
of clusters (i.e., just like you did in one-
stage cluster sampling).
• In the second stage, you take a random
sample of elements from each of the
clusters you selected in stage one (e.g., in
stage two you might randomly select 10
students from each of the 15 classrooms
you selected in stage one).
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 Types of Sampling …

e. Multi-stage Sampling
• Multi-stage sampling is like cluster sampling, but
involves selecting a sample within each chosen
cluster, rather than including all units in the cluster.
• It involves selecting a sample in at least two stages.
• In the first stage, large groups or clusters selected.
• In the second stage, population units chosen from selected
clusters to derive a final sample.
• If more than two stages are used, the process of choosing
population units within clusters continues until the final
sample achieved.
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Multi-stage…
• An example of multi-stage sampling is where, firstly,
electoral sub-divisions (clusters) sampled from a city or state.
• Secondly, blocks of houses selected from within the electoral
sub-divisions and,
• thirdly, individual houses selected from within the selected
blocks of houses.
• The main weakness of multi-stage sampling is the same as
for cluster sampling: lower accuracy due to higher sampling
error.

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Types of Sampling …
2. Nonrandom Sampling Techniques (Non-probability
samples)
• The other major type of sampling is nonrandom
sampling
• There are four main types of nonrandom sampling:
a. Convenience sampling
• The first type of nonrandom sampling is called
convenience sampling (i.e., it simply involves using
the people who are the most available or the most
easily selected to be in your research study).

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B. Quota sampling
• The second type of nonrandom sampling is called quota
sampling
• it involves setting quotas and then using convenience
sampling to obtain those quotas.
There are two types of quota: proportionate, and non-
proportionate
• Proportionate quota sampling
• In proportionate quota sampling the percentage of every sub
group is set on the basis of their actual proportion present in
the population.
– In non-proportional quota sampling the percentage of
quota does not go with the proportion of the sub-group
present in the population rather a minimum percentage
is set that is to be included.
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c. Purposive sampling
• The third type of nonrandom sampling is called
purposive sampling
• the researcher specifies the characteristics of the
population of interest and then
• locates individuals who match those characteristics.
• The three different types of purposive sampling are:
• Modal instance sampling: In statistics, the mode is the
most frequently occurring value in a distribution.
– we are sampling the most frequent case, or the
"typical" case.

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Purposive…
• Expert sampling: Expert sampling involves the assembling of
a sample of persons with known or demonstrable experience
and expertise in some area.
• Heterogeneity sampling: We sample for heterogeneity when
we want to include all opinions or views
• we are not concerned about representing these views
proportionately.

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d. Snowball sampling

• The fourth type of nonrandom sampling is called

snowball sampling
• each research participant is asked to identify other potential
research participants who have a certain characteristic.
• You start with one or a few participants, ask them for
more, find those, ask them for some, and continue until
you have a sufficient sample size.
• This technique might be used for a hard to find
population

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Which types of sampling techniques is the most
common and frequently used?

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