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Cascade (Series) Realization8

This document discusses different realization structures for digital filters, including cascade (series) realization and parallel realization. For cascade realization, the overall transfer function is obtained by multiplying the transfer functions of each stage. The difference equation is then derived from the overall transfer function. For parallel realization, the overall transfer function is the sum of the individual transfer functions. Examples are provided to illustrate finding transfer functions and realizations for cascade, parallel and higher order filters.

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33 views

Cascade (Series) Realization8

This document discusses different realization structures for digital filters, including cascade (series) realization and parallel realization. For cascade realization, the overall transfer function is obtained by multiplying the transfer functions of each stage. The difference equation is then derived from the overall transfer function. For parallel realization, the overall transfer function is the sum of the individual transfer functions. Examples are provided to illustrate finding transfer functions and realizations for cascade, parallel and higher order filters.

Uploaded by

jivap41040
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cascade (Series) Realization

 The transfer functions of the three stages are.


For stage 1: H1(z) = 1 – 0.1z-1 + 0.2z-2
For stage 2: H2(z) = 1 + 0.3z-1 + 0.1z-2
For stage 3: H3(z) = 1 – 0.4z-1

 The overall transfer function of the system is


H(z) = H1(z)H2(z) H3(z)
H(z) = 1 – 0.2z-1 +0.19z-2 – 0.058z-3 – 0.008z-5

 Finally the difference equation can be get from the H(z)


Y3[n] = x1[n] -0.2x1[n-1] + 0.19x1[n-2] - 0.058x1[n-3] – 0.008x1[n-5]

1
Cascade (Series) Realization
Example-5: Find the transfer function of the transposed direct form II
realization of the filter.

First write down the difference equation of each stage.


For stage 1:
y1[n] = – 0.1y1[n-1] + 0.5y1[n-2] + 2.5x1[n] + 0.9x1[n-1] - 0.4x1[n-2]
For stage 2:
y2[n] = 0.2y2[n-1] - 0.2y2[n-2] + 1.2x2[n] + 0.5x2[n-1] + 0.1x2[n-2]
2
Cascade (Series) Realization
 The difference equation for the filter is most exactly found by multiplying
the transfer function for each stage.

H(z) = H1(z)H2(z)

3
Parallel Realization

4
Parallel Realization
 When two or more systems are combined in parallel the transfer
functions of the systems can be used to determine a transfer
function for the overall system.

 E.g. The transfer function of the two systems connected in parallel is


H(z) = H1(z) + H2(z)

 The resulting parallel realization is illustrated in the block diagram


in following Figure.

5
Parallel Realization
Example-6: Find the transfer function of the parallel combination.

 For Top Section:

 For Bottom Section:


6
Parallel Realization

 The overall transfer function of the parallel system


−1 is −2
( ) 1+ 0.25 𝑧 + 0.1 𝑧 −1
𝐻 𝑧 = −1 −2
+ 𝑧
1+ 0.2 𝑧 +0.4 𝑧

7
Parallel Realization
Example-7: Draw parallel realization of a second-order transfer function
given by

Solution

In order to yield the parallel form of realization, we need to make use of the
partial fraction expansion. We get

8
Parallel Realization

• using the direct-form II realization for each section, we


obtain the parallel realization in Following figure.

9
Realization of Digital Systems
 In practice, the second-order filter module with the direct-form I or
direct-form II realization is used.

 The high-order filter can be factored in the cascade form with the first- or
second-order sections.

 In cases where the first order-filter is required, we can still modify the
second-order filter module by setting the corresponding filter coefficients
to be zero.

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