Next Generation Network

By Dr. Mushhad Gilani

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Lecture No. 1
Significance and Rationale of course
Networks and telecommunication is getting more and
more importance
Future telecomm networks will be more oriented
toward “networks” rather than “communication”
Widespread Internet, diffused in our daily life is a
ground reality; its beneficial to understand it
Its fun to play with protocols (software) and able to
design exciting new type of networks

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Course Material
Reference books
Many textbooks on Networking may be
consulted
Lot of research papers!
Many will be made available on Internet
RFCs and Internet drafts
Related to TCP/IP suite and other protocols
Web resources
Tutorials, white papers, reports, etc.

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Expectations

What do you want (or expect) to learn from

this course ?

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Expectations
We will learn

why

networks are like they are

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What is Your Over-ambitious Goal ?
Build a computer network which
Can grow to global proportions
Support diverse applications

Then … think about

Underlying building blocks
 Which available technologies to use
Integrating the blocks to communicate
 Which software architecture to use

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 Network Design
Before looking inside a computer network,
first agree on what a computer network is?
Computer Network ?
Specialized to handle:

Set of serial lines to attach Keystrokes

terminals to mainframe ?
Telephone network carrying Voice
voice traffic ?
Cable network to disseminate
Video
video signals ?

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What Distinguishes a
Computer Network ?

Generality
Built from general purpose
programmable hardware
Supports wide range of applications

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Applications – Users’ Contact with the
Network
Most people know the Internet through its
applications
Web, email, streaming audio and video, chat, …
Applications present an intuitively simple
interface
Textual and graphical objects
Simple “clicks” to maneuver the application
However, users are not aware of what happens in
the network with their simple “clicks” !!!

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Applications – Consumers of Networks
On a simple click, several messages may be exchanged over
the Internet
In a web browser, 17 messages may be exchanged
 up to six messages to translate the server name
 three messages to set up a TCP connection
 four messages to send HTTP “get” request + response
 four messages to tear down the TCP connection
Moreover, millions of messages are exchanged each day
by Internet nodes to make their presence and services
known

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Applications – the Driving Force
Streaming audio and video is an emerging application
 Source generates and sends the video stream in messages across the
Internet
Video-on-demand: reads a preexisting movie
 One-way data transfer
Videoconferencing: interactive session
 Very tight timing constraints
Diversity of applications that can be built on top of the
Internet hint at the complexity of the Internet design

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Our Road Map …
Fortunately, we are not the first to build a
computer network

Lets start exploring the path that others have

already dig deep

By asking (and answering) why networks

are designed the way they are

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Network

Overview
What must a network provide ?
Connectivity
Cost-effective sharing
Functionality
Performance
How are networks designed and built ?
Layering
Protocols
Standards

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Perspective
For network user
 Connectivity: for services required; error
free delivery within acceptable time limits
For network designer
 Efficiency: cost-effective design, fair
allocation and efficient use of resources
For network operator
 Maintenance: easy to administer, fault
localization & isolation, usage accounting

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Building Blocks
Nodes: PC, special-purpose hardware…
Hosts
Switches

Links: coax cable, optical fiber…

Point-to-point

Multiple access …

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Why not connect each node
with every other node ?

Number of computers that can be

connected becomes very limited
Number of wires coming out of each
node becomes unmanageable
Amount of physical hardware/devices
required becomes very expensive
Solution: indirect connectivity using
intermediate data forwarding nodes

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Switched Networks
• A network can be defined recursively as...

Two or more nodes

connected by a link

Circular nodes
(switches) implement
the network
Squared nodes (hosts)
use the network

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Switched Networks
• A network can be defined recursively as...

 Two or more networks

connected by one or more
nodes: internetworks

 Circular nodes (router or

gateway) interconnects
the networks
 A cloud denotes “any type
of independent network”

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A Network
A network can be defined recursively as

Two or more nodes connected by a physical link

OR
Two or more networks connected by one or more
nodes

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Components of a Network

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Switching Strategies
 Circuit switching: • Packet switching: store-
carry bit streams and-forward messages
a. establishes a a. operates on discrete
dedicated circuit blocks of data
b. links reserved for use b. utilizes resources
by communication dynamically according
channel to traffic demand
c. send/receive bit c. send/receive messages
stream at constant at variable rate
rate d. example: Internet
d. example: original
telephone network

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What next ?
Hosts are directly or indirectly connected to
each other

Can we now provide host-host connectivity ?

Nodes must be able to say which host it wants

to communicate with

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Addressing and Routing
Address: byte-string that identifies a node
Usually unique
Routing: forwarding decisions
Process of determining how to forward messages to the
destination node based on its address
Types of addresses
unicast: node-specific
broadcast: all nodes on a network
multicast: some subset of nodes on a network

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Wrap-up
A network can be constructed from nesting
of networks

An address is required for each node that is

reachable on the network

Address is used to route messages toward

appropriate destination

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