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Mutation Biodiversity

Mutation refers to changes in the DNA sequence that may affect a single gene or whole chromosome, and can result from errors in DNA replication, exposure to mutagens like chemicals or radiation, or viral infections. Mutations may occur in reproductive cells and be inherited, or in body cells and not passed to offspring. Evidence for evolution includes fossil records, comparative anatomy, embryonic development, and analysis of amino acid sequences in proteins.

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17 views

Mutation Biodiversity

Mutation refers to changes in the DNA sequence that may affect a single gene or whole chromosome, and can result from errors in DNA replication, exposure to mutagens like chemicals or radiation, or viral infections. Mutations may occur in reproductive cells and be inherited, or in body cells and not passed to offspring. Evidence for evolution includes fossil records, comparative anatomy, embryonic development, and analysis of amino acid sequences in proteins.

Uploaded by

theflyingcatsontheair
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MUTATION

MUTATION
 the process in which the change in the base sequence of DNA that
may affect only one gene, or may affect the whole chromosome.

 Mutations can result from errors in DNA replication during cell


division, exposure to mutagens or a viral infection.

 Mutagens are commonly in the form of toxic chemicals, and harmful


radiation. All of these can alter the DNA sequence and length.
MUTATION may occur in two types of
cell:
1. Reproductive cell or germ-line mutation - passed to an
organism's offspring during sexual reproduction

2. Body cell mutation or somatic mutation - passed to


daughter cells during mitosis but not to offspring during
sexual reproduction.
REPRODUCTIVE CELL
MUTATION
1. Gene mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence that
makes up a gene, it can affect the DNA at the molecular level. Under
gene mutation, there are two types, point mutation and frameshift
mutation.
Normal DNA THE DOG BIT THE CAT.
a) Point Mutation - is a change in one or
Substitution THE DOG BET THE CAT.
few nucleotides. It includes substitution,
Insertion THE DOG BIT THE CART.
deletion, and insertion.
Deletion THE DOG ­_IT THE CAT.
REPRODUCTIVE CELL
MUTATION
b) Frameshift Mutation - shifts the reading frame of the genetic message so
that the protein may not be able to perform its function.
Normal DNA THE DOG BIT THE CAT.

Insertion THE DOC GBI TTH ECA T.

Deletion T_ED OGB ITT HEC AT


REPRODUCTIVE CELL
MUTATION
2. Chromosomal mutation occurs at the chromosomal level that maybe caused by
parts of chromosomes breaking off or rejoining incorrectly.
a) Translocation- a chromosome swap on or more gene/s with another
chromosome.
Genetic Disorders:
 Translocation Down Syndrome
 Chronic myelogenous leukemia
 Lymphoma and acute myeloid leukemia
REPRODUCTIVE CELL
MUTATION
b) Insertion - one or more gene/s are removed from one chromosome and inserted
to another

Genetic Disorders:
 Fragile X Syndrome
 Huntington's Disease
 Myotonic dystrophy
 Cystic fibrosis
REPRODUCTIVE CELL
MUTATION
c) Deletion - involves the loss of one or more gene/s from the parent chromosome.

Genetic Disorders:
 Cri Du Chat characterized by babies having
high pitched cries, wide eyes and are
moderately to severely mental retardation.
 Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome
 DiGeorge syndrome
EVOLUTION
EVOLUTION
change in the genetics of a population
over time
consists of changes in the heritable traits of a
population of organisms as successive
generations replace one another
SOURCES OF EVIDENCE FOR
EVOLUTION
1. Fossil Records
- these are traces of organisms that lived in the past that were preserved by
natural processes or catastrophic events
- remains of hard parts of organisms like bones, shells, teeth, and feces
embedded in rocks - usually sedimentary rocks
SOURCES OF EVIDENCE FOR
EVOLUTION
2. Comparative Anatomy

HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURE - structures from different species which have similar


internal framework, position, and embryonic development

- they may perform different functions in the species


living in a different environment, or it may have the
same origin but different functions.
SOURCES OF EVIDENCE FOR
EVOLUTION
2. Comparative Anatomy
ANALOGOUS STRUCTURE - structures of unrelated species may evolve to look alike,
because the structure is adapted to similar function.
- have similar functions but different origin
SOURCES OF EVIDENCE FOR
EVOLUTION

3. Embryonic Development
- include stages such as blastula, gastrula, and organogenesis
- the embryo of fishes, salamanders, lizards, birds, cats,
and humans are SIMILAR during the FIRST STAGE of
their EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.
SOURCES OF EVIDENCE FOR
EVOLUTION
4. Amino Acid Sequence
Protein amino acid sequences can be
used to compare similarities between
species. Proteins are made from amino
acids and the sequence of these amino
acids is controlled by genes.
Comparing how many of the amino
acids are in the same positions on the
protein chain can provide some idea of
how closely related two species are.
SOURCES OF EVIDENCE FOR
EVOLUTION
4. Amino Acid Sequence
Example:

Basing from the table, the


number of difference in Amino Acid
between human and chimpanzee is
zero, showing that both are closely
related. Same with human and rhesus
monkey having 1 difference. The lesser
the difference, the closer they are
related.
THEORIES OF EVOLUTION
 Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
- the first evolutionist to believe that organisms change over time. He was able to
develop three theories using fossil records as a guide.
1. THEORY OF NEED – organisms change in response to their environment;
2. THEORY OF USE AND DISUSE – organs not in use will disappear while organs in use
will develop.
3. THEORY OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERSITICS – acquired characteristics were
believed to be inherited by their offsprings and propagated by next generation
example: Lamarck believed that giraffes have short necks before, but because they need
to survive, in order to reach tall trees, they stretched their necks until such time that it became
long and their offspring acquired such characteristic.
THEORIES OF EVOLUTION
 Charles Darwin
- different from Lamarck’s theory on giraffes;
- giraffe species had varying neck lengths but natural selection favored the survival of
giraffes with longer necks that can feed on taller trees. Giraffes with short necks were eliminated
due to lack of accessible food supply.

1. THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION – Organisms that are more adapted to


their environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that aided
their success. This process causes species to change and diverge over time

 survival of the fittest


ECOSYSTEM:
BIODIVERSITY
ECOSYSTEM
 Thecommunity of living things interacting with
the environment

BIODIVERSITY
A term that describes how varied living things are
in a specific area
CARRYING CAPACITY
 Carrying capacity is a concept that describes the maximum population size of a species that an environment can
sustainably support over the long term, given the available resources and environmental conditions.

Before a population reaches its carrying


capacity, it experiences a period of rapid
growth. This period of growth is called
exponential population growth. During this
period, there are plenty of resources available
for all organisms, so more births are recorded
than deaths in organisms.

When resources are unlimited, populations exhibit exponential growth. When resources are limited,
populations exhibit logistic growth. In logistic growth, population expansion decreases as resources become
scarce, and it levels off when the carrying capacity of the environment is reached.
LIMITING FACTORS
1. BIOTIC FACTORS
- Any living thing in an organism. Example: plants,
animals, bacteria
2. ABIOTIC FACTORS
- Non-living things in an ecosystem. Example: sunlight,
rocks, water
3. TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES
- refer to innovations, developments, and improvements in
technology that lead to new products, processes, or methods .

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