24/03/2024

Forces and
Motion
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Movement and Position
 Distance, Speed
24/03/2024

and Time s
Speed = distance (in metres)
time (in seconds)
v t
You are expected to learn this equation!!!

1) Will walks 200 metres in 40 seconds. What is his

5m/s
speed?
2) Ruby covers 2km in 1,000 seconds. What is her speed?
2m/s
3) How long would it take Sophie to run 100 metres if she
runs at 10m/s? 10s
4) Aaron runs to the shop to buy Fifa 19 and travels at
50m/s for 20s. How far does he go? 1000m
5) Taylor drives her car at 85mph (about 40m/s). How
long does it take her to drive 20km? 500s
 24/03/2024

Distance, Speed
and Time (harder) s

Speed = distance (in metres)

time (in seconds) v t
1) Eliza walks 2000m in 50 minutes. What is her speed in 0.67m/s
m/s?

2) Archie tries to walk the same distance at a speed of 400s

5m/s. How long does he take?

3) David drives at 60mph (about 100km/h) for 3 hours. How

far has he gone?
300km

4) The speed of sound in air is 330m/s. Isobel shouts at a

mountain and hears the echo 3 seconds later. How far 495m
away is the mountain? (Careful!)
 24/03/2024
Speed
What are the typical speeds for when you walk, run and ride a
bike?
Walking ≈ 1.5m/s

Running ≈ 3m/s

Cycling ≈ 6m/s

What about cars? Aeroplanes?

 24/03/2024
Distance-time graphs
2) Horizontal line = 4) Diagonal line
40 downwards =

30
Distance
(metres) 20

10 Time/s

0
20 40 60 80 100

1) Diagonal line = 3) Steeper diagonal line =

 24/03/2024

40

30
Distance
(metres)
20

10
Time/s
0
20 40 60 80 100

1) What is the speed during the first 20 seconds? 0.5m/s

2) How far is the object from the start after 60 seconds? 40m
3) What is the speed during the last 40 seconds?
1m/s
4) When was the object travelling the fastest?
40-60s
 24/03/2024
40
G B
N
30
Distance
(metres)
20

10

Y Time/s
0
20 40 60 80 100
1) Who was travelling the fastest?

2) Who was travelling the slowest (but still moving)?

3) Who didn’t move?

 24/03/2024
Distance-Time graphs
Task: Produce a distance-time graph for the following
journey:

1) Christina walks 50m in 20 seconds.

2) She then stands still for 10 seconds
3) She then runs away from Luke and covers 100m in 30
seconds.
4) She then stands still and catches her breath for 20
seconds.
5) She then walks back to the start and covers the total 150m
in 50 seconds.
 24/03/2024
24/03/2024
40

30
Distance
(metres)
20

10
Time/s
0
20 40 60 80 100
1) What was the velocity in the first 20 seconds? 1.5m/s
2) What was the velocity between 20 and 40 seconds? 0.5m/s
3) When was this person travelling the fastest? 80-100s
4) What was the average speed for the first 40 seconds?
1m/s
 24/03/2024

40

30
Distance
(metres)
20

10
Time/s
0
20 40 60 80 100

1) What is the speed during the first 20 seconds? 2m/s

2) How far is the object from the start after 50 seconds? 35m
3) What is the speed during the last 40 seconds?
0.25m/s
4) When was the object standing still?
20-40s
 24/03/2024

Acceleration
V-U
Acceleration = change in speed (in m/s)
(in m/s2) time taken (in s)
A T
You need to learn this equation!!

1) A cyclist accelerates from 0 to 10m/s in 5 seconds. 2m/s2

What is her acceleration?

2) A ball is dropped and accelerates downwards at a rate of

10m/s2 for 5 seconds. How fast will it be going? 50m/s
3) A car accelerates from 0 to 20m/s with an acceleration
of 2m/s2. How long did this take?
10s
4) A rocket accelerates from 0m/s to 5,000m/s in 2
seconds. What is its acceleration?
2500m/s2
 24/03/2024

Acceleration (harder)
V-U
Acceleration = change in velocity (in m/s)
(in m/s2) time taken (in s) A T

1) A cyclist slows down from 10 to 0m/s in 5 seconds. -2m/s2

What is her acceleration?

2) A ball is dropped and accelerates downwards at a rate of

10m/s2 for 12 seconds. How much will the ball’s velocity 120m/s
change by?

3) A car accelerates from 10 to 20m/s with an acceleration

of 2m/s2. How long did this take? 5s

4) A rocket accelerates from 1,000m/s to 5,000m/s in 2

2000m/s2
seconds. What is its acceleration?
 24/03/2024
Velocity-time graphs
1) Upwards line =

80 4) Downward line =

60
Velocity
m/s 40

20

0 T/s
10 20 30 40 50
2) Horizontal line = 3) Upwards line =
 24/03/2024

80

60
Velocity
m/s 40

20
T/s
0
10 20 30 40 50
1) How fast was the object going after 10 seconds? 40m/s
2) What is the acceleration from 20 to 30 seconds? 2m/s2
3) What was the deceleration from 30 to 50s? 3m/s2
4) How far did the object travel altogether? 1700m
 24/03/2024

80

60
Velocity
m/s 40

20
T/s
0
10 20 30 40 50
1) How fast was the object going after 10 seconds? 10m/s
2) What is the acceleration from 20 to 30 seconds? 4m/s2
3) What was the deceleration from 40 to 50s? 6m/s2
4) How far did the object travel altogether? 1500m
 24/03/2024

80

60
Velocity
m/s 40

20
T/s
0
10 20 30 40 50

David runs home to tell someone about his commendation.

This velocity-time graph shows David’s journey to home.
How far away does he live?
2500m
 24/03/2024

Acceleration (recap) V-U

Acceleration = change in velocity (in m/s)
(in m/s2) time taken (in s) A T
1) Eliza accelerates from standstill to 50m/s in 25 seconds. 2m/s2
What is her acceleration?

2) Hayden accelerates at 5m/s2 for 5 seconds. He started at

10m/s. What is his new speed? 35m/s

3) Luke is in trouble with the police. He is driving up the A29

and sees a police car and brakes from 50m/s to a standstill.
5s
His deceleration was 10m/s2. How long did he brake for?

4) Archie brakes at the same deceleration but only for 3

seconds. What speed did he slow down to? 20m/s
 24/03/2024

80

60
Velocity
m/s 40

20
T/s
0
10 20 30 40 50

This velocity-time graph shows Sonny’s journey to school.

How far away does he live?

2200m
 24/03/2024
Another equation of motion
For a constantly-accelerating body, we can also use this
equation:
You DON’T need to learn this
v = u + 2as
2 2
equation!!

1) An object starts from rest and accelerates at

a rate of 2m/s2 over a distance of 20m. What 8.9m/s
is its final velocity?
2) Aaron drives up the M1 and covers 30km. He
started at 2m/s and constantly accelerated 8m/s
during the whole journey at a rate of
0.001m/s2. What was his final speed?
3) (Harder!) Rachael decelerates from 30 to
10m/s over a distance of 5m. What is her -80m/s2
acceleration?
ATP QUEStion Calculating acceleration24/03/2024
using
Ticker Tape
1) Find the first “distinct” dot and draw a line through it:

2) Count 5 gaps (=5/50ths or 1/10th of a second) and draw another line:

3) Repeat for every tenth of a second:

4) Cut the strips out and stick them next

to each other onto graph paper:
 24/03/2024
Calculating acceleration using Ticker Tape
Your graphs will look like this:
Speed down a 10cm slope To calculate the acceleration
Speed/
cm/0.1s
you need to follow 3 easy steps:
5

4
1) Work out the START and END
speeds:
3
Start speed = 1cm/0.1s = 10cm/s
2 End speed = 5cm/0.1s = 50cm/s
1

2) Work out the time taken:

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time taken = 0.5 - 0.1 = 0.4s
Time/s

V-U 3) Calculate the acceleration:

A = (50 – 10) / 0.4 = 100cm/s2
A T
Forces, Movement, Shape
24/03/2024

and Momentum
 24/03/2024
The Effect of Forces
What are forces doing in each of the following situations?
 24/03/2024
What is a force?
Forces are usually gravitational or electrostatic. Some examples:

___ ________ (drag) – acts against

________ – pulls anything moving through air (electrostatic)
things downwards
(gravitational)

_____ – acts against anything

moving (electrostatic) ______ – keeps things afloat
(electrostatic)
Words – upthrust, air resistance, friction, weight
 Speed vs. Velocity
24/03/2024

Speed is simply how fast you are travelling…

This car is travelling at a

speed of 20m/s

Velocity is “speed in a given direction”…

This car is travelling at a

velocity of 20m/s east
 24/03/2024
Circular Motion
1) Is this car travelling at constant speed?

2) Is this car travelling at constant velocity?

 24/03/2024
Vector vs. scalar
Scalar quantities have size (“magnitude”) only and no direction.
Vector quantities have both size and direction.

Scalar or vector???

Scalar 8. Power Vector

2. Distance
1. Mass
6. Energy
7. Time
3. Acceleration
4. Speed
9. Force
5. Velocity
 24/03/2024
Balanced and unbalanced forces
Reaction
Consider a camel standing on a road.
What forces are acting on it?

These two forces would be equal –

we say that they are BALANCED.
The camel doesn’t move anywhere.

Weight
 24/03/2024
Balanced and unbalanced forces
Reaction
What would happen if we took the
road away?

There is a “resultant force” which

causes the camel to accelerate
downwards (the same direction as
the force).

Weight
 Balanced and unbalanced forces 24/03/2024

Predict what these cars will do and explain why:

 24/03/2024
Balanced and unbalanced forces
1) This animal is either 2) This animal is getting
________ or moving ________…
with _______ _____…

3) This animal is getting 4) This animal is also

_______…. either _______ or moving
with ________ ______..

Words - Stationary, faster, slower or constant speed?

 Summary
24/03/2024

Complete these sentences…

If an object is stationary and has NO resultant force on it the object

will…

If an object is stationary and a resultant force acts on it the object will…

If an object is already moving and NO resultant force acts on it the

object will…

If an object is already moving and a resultant force acts on it the object

will…
…accelerate in the direction of the …continue to move at the same
resultant force speed and the same direction
…continue to stay stationary …accelerate in the direction of the
resultant force
 24/03/2024
Resultant Force
A “resultant force” is a single force that can replace all of the
other forces acting on something. Calculate and draw the
resultant force of the following:

700N 600N
500N 100N

50N

700N 700N 800N 800N

200N 100N
 24/03/2024
Force and acceleration
If the forces acting on an object
are unbalanced then the object will
accelerate, like these wrestlers:

Force (in N) = Mass (in kg) x Acceleration (in m/s2)

You need to learn this

equation!!
F

M A
 24/03/2024
Force, mass and acceleration
1) A force of 1000N is applied to push
a mass of 500kg. How quickly does
it accelerate? F
2) A force of 3000N acts on a car to
make it accelerate by 1.5m/s2. How
heavy is the car? M A
3) A car accelerates at a rate of
5m/s2. If it weighs 500kg how
much driving force is the engine 2m/s2
applying?
2000kg
4) A force of 10N is applied by a boy
2500N
while lifting a 20kg mass. How
much does it accelerate by? 0.5m/s2
 24/03/2024
Weight vs. Mass
Earth’s Gravitational Field Strength is 10N/kg. In other
words, a 1kg mass is pulled downwards by a force of 10N.

Weight = Mass x Gravitational Field Strength W

(in N) (in kg) (in N/kg)

You need to learn this equation!!

M g

1) What is the weight on Earth of a book with mass 2kg? 20N

2) What is the weight on Earth of an apple with mass 100g? 1N
3) David weighs 700N on the Earth. What is his mass? 70kg
4) On the moon the gravitational field strength is 1.6N/kg.
What will David weigh if he stands on the moon? 112N
 24/03/2024
Stopping a car…
What two things must the driver of the car do in order to
stop in time?
 24/03/2024
Stopping a car…
Thinking
distance
(reaction time)

Braking
distance
 24/03/2024
Stopping a car…
Tiredness Too much
Thinking alcohol
distance
Too many (reaction time) Poor
drugs visibility

Wet roads
Icy roads
Braking
distance
Tyres/brakes Driving too
worn out fast

Total Stopping Distance = Thinking Distance + Braking Distance

 24/03/2024

Stopping Distances
 24/03/2024
Terminal Velocity
Consider a ball falling through a liquid:

Some questions to consider:

1) What forces are acting on

the ball?
2) How do those forces
change when the ball gets
faster?
3) Will the ball keep getting
faster? Explain your
answer in terms of forces
 24/03/2024

Terminal Velocity
Consider a skydiver:
1) At the start of his jump the air
resistance is _______ so he
_______ downwards.

2) As his speed increases his air

resistance will _______

3) Eventually the air resistance will be

big enough to _______ the
skydiver’s weight. At this point
the forces are balanced so his
speed becomes ________ - this is
called TERMINAL VELOCITY

Words – increase, small,

constant, balance, accelerates
 24/03/2024
Terminal Velocity
Consider a skydiver:

4) When he opens his parachute the

air resistance suddenly ________,
causing him to start _____ ____.

5) Because he is slowing down his air

resistance will _______ again
until it balances his _________.
The skydiver has now reached a
new, lower ________ _______.

Words – slowing down, decrease,

increases, terminal velocity, weight
 24/03/2024
Velocity-time graph for terminal velocity
Velocity Parachute opens –
diver slows down
Speed
increases…

Terminal
velocity
reached…
Mo on
he
On t

Time
New, lower terminal Diver hits the ground
velocity reached
 24/03/2024
Force and Extension
Consider a mass on a spring:

What happens when a mass is

added?

When a force is applied to

this spring it will change
shape and extend.
 24/03/2024
Investigating Force and Extension
Task: Find an expression that
relates extension to the
amount of weight added.

Weight added Extension (cm)

(N)
1
2
3
4
5
6

Force is proportional to
extension – “Hooke’s Law”
 24/03/2024
Force-Extension Graph for a spring
Force/N

The “limit of
proportionality”.

Force is proportional to extension as long as

you don’t go past the “limit of
proportionality”. There is a linear
relationship up to here – the object has
obeyed Hooke’s Law up to this point.
Extension/mm
 24/03/2024
Elastic and Inelastic Deformation
Force/N
If you don’t use too much force
on the spring you can take the
force off and the spring returns
to its original shape – this is
“elastic deformation”.

If you put too much force on the

spring it “stretches” – in other
words, when you remove the
force the spring does not go
back to its original length. This
is “inelastic deformation”.

Extension/mm
 24/03/2024
Force-Extension Graph for a wire
Force/N
The “elastic limit”

The “limit of
proportionality”

The “plastic
region”

“Permanent deformation”
Extension/mm
 24/03/2024
Force-Extension Graph for rubber
Force/N

Extension/mm
 24/03/2024
Momentum
Any object that has both mass and
velocity has MOMENTUM. Momentum
(symbol “p”) is simply given by the formula: P

Momentum = Mass x Velocity

(in kgm/s) (in kg) (in m/s)
M V
You need to learn this equation!!

What is the momentum of the following?

1) Archie (mass 50kg) running at 10m/s 500kgm/s

2) A 1000kg car travelling at 30m/s 30,000kgm/s

3) A 0.02kg pen thrown across the room at 5m/s 0.1kgm/s

4) Mr Richards (mass 90kg) bungee jumping and 3600kgm/s

falling at 40m/s
 24/03/2024
Conservation of Momentum
In any collision or explosion momentum is conserved (provided that there
are no external forces have an effect). Example question:

Two cars are racing around the M25. Car A collides with the back of car B
and the cars stick together. What speed do they move at after the
collision?

Speed = 50m/s Speed = 20m/s

Mass = 1000kg Mass = 800kg

Mass = 1800kg Speed = ??m/s

Momentum before = momentum after…

…so 1000 x 50 + 800 x 20 = 1800 x V…
…V = 36.7m/s
 24/03/2024
Momentum in different directions
What happens if the bodies are moving in opposite directions?

Speed = 50m/s Speed = 20m/s

Mass = 1000kg Mass = 800kg

Momentum is a VECTOR quantity, so the momentum of the

second car is negative…

Total momentum = 1000 x 50 – 800 x 20 = 34000 kgm/s

Speed after collision = 34000 kgm/s / 1800 = 18.9m/s

 24/03/2024
More questions…
1. A car of mass 1000kg heading up the M1 at 50m/s collides
with a stationary truck of mass 8000kg and sticks to it. 5.6m/s
What velocity does the wreckage move forward at?

2. A defender running away from a goalkeeper at 5m/s is hit

in the back of his head by the goal kick. The ball stops
dead and the player’s speed increases to 5.5m/s. If the 70m/s
ball had a mass of 500g and the player had a mass of 70kg
how fast was the ball moving?

3. A white snooker ball moving at 5m/s strikes a red ball and

pots it. Both balls have a mass of 1kg. If the white ball
3m/s
continued in the same direction at 2m/s what was the
velocity of the red ball?

4. A gun has a recoil speed of 2m/s when firing. If the gun

has a mass of 2kg and the bullet has a mass of 10g what 400m/s
speed does the bullet come out at?
 24/03/2024
Recap question on momentum
1. Milton and Aaron are racing against each other over 400m
at Sports Day. Milton is running at 8m/s and catches up
with Aaron who is running at 6m/s. After the collision
Milton stops and Aaron moves slightly faster. If Milton’s
mass is 60kg and Aaron’s is 70kg calculate how fast Aaron
moves after the collision.
12.9m/s

2. Lilian is driving her 5kg toy car around. It is travelling at

10m/s when it hits the back of Christina’s (stationary) leg
and sticks to it. Assuming Christina’s leg can move freely
and has a mass of 10kg calculate how fast it will move after
the collision.
3.3m/s
 An extension question using 24/03/2024

standard form
Consider the nuclear decay of Americium-241:

237
Np 241
Am
4
2
α
93 95

If the new neptunium atom moves away at

a speed of 5x105 m/s what was the speed
of the alpha particle?

2.96x107 m/s
 24/03/2024
Change in Momentum and Force
Instead of F=ma Newton actually said that the force acting on
an object is that object’s rate of change of momentum. In
other words…

Force = Change in momentum (in kgm/s)

(in N) mv-mu
Time (in s)

You DON’T need to learn this F T

equation!!

For example, Luke scores from a free kick by kicking a stationary football
with a force of 40N. If the ball has a mass of 0.5kg and his foot is in
contact with the ball for 0.1s calculate:
1) The change in momentum of the ball (its impulse),
2) The speed the ball moves away with
 24/03/2024
Example questions
1) Archie likes playing golf. He strikes a golf ball with a
force of 80N. If the ball has a mass of 200g and the 16kgm/s,
club is in contact with it for 0.2s calculate a) the change 80m/s
in momentum of the golf ball, b) its speed.
2) Aaron thinks it’s funny to hit tennis balls at David. He
strikes a serve with a force of 30N. If the ball has a 4.5kgm/s,
mass of 250g and the racket is in contact with it for 18m/s
0.15s calculate the ball’s change in momentum and its
speed.
3) Ruby takes a dropkick by kicking a 0.4kg rugby ball away
at 10m/s. If her foot was in contact with the ball for 40N
0.1 seconds calculate the force she applied to the ball.
4) Taylor strikes a 200g golf ball away at 50m/s. If she
applied a force of 50N calculate how long her club was in 0.2s
contact with the ball for.
 24/03/2024
Safety features
How do air bags and crumple zones work?

Basically:
1) The change in momentum is the same with or without an
airbag
2) But having an airbag increases the time of the collision
3) Therefore the force is reduced
 24/03/2024
Newton’s 1st Law of Motion
Basically, a body will remain at rest or
continue to move with constant velocity as
long as the forces acting on it are balanced.

…and an unbalanced
backwards force will make Newton 1642-1727
me slow down…
An unbalanced forwards
force will make me
accelerate…
 24/03/2024
Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion

The acceleration of a body is proportional to

the resultant force causing its acceleration
and is in the same direction.

Newton 1642-1727

In other words…
force = mass x acceleration F

M A
 24/03/2024
Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion
When body A exerts a force on body B, body
B exerts an equal and opposite force on body
A.

My third law says

that if I push to Newton 1642-1727
the right I will
move backwards
as well.
 24/03/2024
Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion

What will happen if I push

this satellite away from me?