Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach

9th Edition in SI Units

Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A.

Boles, Mehmet Kanoglu
Copyright © 2020 McGraw Hill , All Rights Reserved.

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Chapter 4

ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS

McGraw-Hill | 2
 Objectives
• Examine the moving boundary work or P dV work commonly
encountered in reciprocating devices such as automotive engines and
compressors.
• Identify the first law of thermodynamics as simply a statement of the
conservation of energy principle for closed (fixed mass) systems.
• Develop the general energy balance applied to closed systems.
• Define the specific heat at constant volume and the specific heat at
constant pressure.
• Relate the specific heats to the calculation of the changes in internal
energy and enthalpy of ideal gases.
• Describe incompressible substances and determine the changes in
their internal energy and enthalpy.
• Solve energy balance problems for closed (fixed mass) systems that
involve heat and work interactions for general pure substances, ideal
gases, and incompressible substances.

3
MOVING BOUNDARY WORK

Moving boundary work (P dV work): Quasi-equilibrium process:

The expansion and compression work A process during which the system
in a piston-cylinder device. remains nearly in equilibrium at all
times.
Wb is positive  for expansion
Wb is negative  for compression

4
The area under the process curve on a P-V
diagram is equal, in magnitude, to the work
done during a quasi-equilibrium expansion or
compression process of a closed system. 5
 Generalized boundary
work relation

Pi is the pressure at the

inner face of the piston.

In a car engine, the boundary work

done by the expanding hot gases is
used to overcome friction between
the piston and the cylinder, to push
atmospheric air out of the way, and
to rotate the crankshaft.

6
Boundary Work for a Constant-Pressure Process

5 kg
400 kPa

P,
kPa

400

v, m3/kg
7
Boundary Work for a Constant-Volume Process

8
Boundary Work for an Isothermal Compression Process

9
Boundary Work for a Polytropic Process

For ideal gas

10
Expansion of a Gas against a Spring

11
ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS

Energy balance for any system

undergoing any process

Energy balance
in the rate form

The total quantities are related to the quantities per unit time

Energy balance per

unit mass basis
Energy balance in
differential form
Energy balance
for a cycle
12
13
Energy balance when sign convention is used:
- heat input and work output are positive
- heat output and work input are negative

The first law cannot be proven mathematically, but no process in nature is known
to have violated the first law, and this should be taken as sufficient proof. 14
Energy balance for a constant-
pressure expansion or
compression process For a constant-pressure
General analysis for a closed system expansion or compression

U  Wb  H
undergoing a quasi-equilibrium process:
constant-pressure process. Q is to the
system and W is from the system.

15
An example of constant-pressure process

16
17
Unrestrained Expansion
of Water

18
SPECIFIC HEATS

Specific heat at constant volume, cv: The energy required to raise

the temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one degree as the
volume is maintained constant.
Specific heat at constant pressure, cp: The energy required to raise
the temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one degree as the
pressure is maintained constant.

19
20
Consider a fixed mass in a stationary
closed system undergoing a constant-
volume process

Consider a constant-pressure
expansion or compression process

The equations are valid for any

substance undergoing any process.
cv is related to the changes in
internal energy and cp to the
changes in enthalpy.
21
 True or False:
cp is always greater than cv

cv and cp are properties.

The specific heats of a substance depend on the state.
The energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by
one degree is different at different temperatures and pressures.
A common unit for specific heats is kJ/kg·°C or kJ/kg·K.
Are these units identical? 22
INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY,
AND SPECIFIC HEATS OF IDEAL GASES

Internal energy and enthalpy

change of an ideal gas

Joule showed using this experimental

apparatus that u=u(T) 23
24
25
At low pressures, all real gases
approach ideal-gas behavior, and
therefore their specific heats
depend on temperature only.
The specific heats of real gases
at low pressures are called ideal-
gas specific heats, or zero-
pressure specific heats, and are
often denoted cp0 and cv0.
u and h data for a number of
gases have been tabulated.
These tables are obtained by
choosing an arbitrary reference
point and performing the
integrations by treating state 1 as
the reference state.

26
Internal energy and enthalpy change when specific heat
is taken constant at an average value

27
Three ways of calculating u and h
1. By using the tabulated u and h data.
This is the easiest and most
accurate way when tables are readily
available.
2. By using the cv or cp relations (Table
A-2c) as a function of temperature
and performing the integrations. This
is very inconvenient for hand
calculations but quite desirable for
computerized calculations. The
results obtained are very accurate.
3. By using average specific heats. This
is very simple and certainly very Three ways of calculating u.
convenient when property tables are
not available. The results obtained are
reasonably accurate if the
temperature interval is not very large.
28
Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases
The relationship between
cp, cv and R

dh = cpdT and du = cvdT

On a molar basis

Specific
heat ratio

The specific ratio varies with temperature, but this

variation is mild.
For monatomic gases (helium, argon, etc.), its value is
essentially constant at 1.667.
Many diatomic gases, including air, have a specific heat
ratio of about 1.4 at room temperature.
29
30
 Heating of a Gas in a Tank by Stirring

P,

kPa

He
0.7 kg
27C
350 kPa

350

31
Heating of a Gas by a Resistance Heater

32
Heating of a Gas at Constant Pressure

33
INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
Incompressible substance: A substance whose specific
volume (or density) is constant.
Solids and liquids are incompressible substances.

34
Internal Energy Changes

35
Enthalpy Changes

The enthalpy of a compressed liquid

Usually amore accurate relation than

36
Cooling of an Iron Block by Water

37
Heating of Aluminum Rods in a Furnace

38
 Summary

Moving boundary work

Energy balance for closed systems
Specific heats
Internal energy, enthalpy, and specific heats of
ideal gases
Internal energy, enthalpy, and specific heats of
incompressible substances (solids and liquids)

39
Example

40
Thank You!

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