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Communication Model Notes

This document summarizes key aspects of communication models, including the components, characteristics, transmission media, and fiber optic modes. It discusses how data communication involves exchanging data between two devices via a transmission medium. The main components are a sender, receiver, medium, message, and protocol. Characteristics include accurate and timely delivery. Transmission media can be guided (wired) or unguided (wireless) and include examples like twisted pair cables, coaxial cable, optical fiber, microwave, radio waves, and infrared. Fiber optic modes include multimode and single-mode fiber.

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88 views18 pages

Communication Model Notes

This document summarizes key aspects of communication models, including the components, characteristics, transmission media, and fiber optic modes. It discusses how data communication involves exchanging data between two devices via a transmission medium. The main components are a sender, receiver, medium, message, and protocol. Characteristics include accurate and timely delivery. Transmission media can be guided (wired) or unguided (wireless) and include examples like twisted pair cables, coaxial cable, optical fiber, microwave, radio waves, and infrared. Fiber optic modes include multimode and single-mode fiber.

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jolieprincesseishimwe
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Communication Model

Data communications are exchange of data between two devices via some
transmission medium.
• It should be done in two ways
i) Local - It takes LAN Connection.
ii) Remote - It takes long distance like MAN & WAN.
• Data should be Transferred in the form of 0’s and 1’s
Cycle of Communication Model:
Characteristics of Communication Model
1) Delivery :The System must deliver the data to the correct
Destination.
2) Accuracy :The System must deliver the data at Accurate way.
3) Timeline :The System must deliver the data at Exact Time.
4) Jitter: Jitter is when there is a time delay in the sending of these data
packets over your network connection. This is often caused by network
congestion, and sometimes route changes. is the variation in time delay
between when a signal is transmitted and when it's received over a
network connection, measuring the variability in ping.
Components of Data Communication
1) Sender: It is a device , that Sends the information to the Receiver.
2) Receiver: It is a device , that Receives the information from the
Sender.
3) Medium: It is the physical path between Sender to Receiver.
4) Message: This is the passing Information's.
5) Protocol: It is a set of rules and regulations that “ Governed “ from
data communication. It represents what is communicated, when it
is communicated and how it is communicated.
Transmission Medium/Communication Channels
Communication channels are the medium that connects two or more
workstations. Workstations can be connected by either wired media or
wireless media. It is also known as a transmission medium. The
transmission medium or channel is a link that carries messages
between two or more devices.
Transmission Media may be classified into Two Types :
i)Guided Media [Wired Technology]
ii) Unguided Media [Wireless Technology]
Guided Media
In this transmission medium, the physical link is created using wires or cables
between two or more computers or devices, and then the data is transmitted
using these cables in terms of signals. Guided media transmission of the
following types:
1. Twisted pair cable: It is the most common form of wire used in
communication. In a twisted-pair cable, two identical wires are wrapped
together in a double helix. The twisting of the wire reduces the crosstalk. It is
known as the leaking of a signal from one wire to another due to which signal
can corrupt and can cause network errors. The twisting protects the wire from
internal crosstalk as well as external forms of signal interference. Types of
Twisted Pair Cable :
 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): It is used in computers and telephones widely.
As the name suggests, there is no external shielding so it does not protects
from external interference. It is cheaper than STP.
 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): It offers greater protection from crosstalk due to
shield. Due to shielding, it protects from external interference. It is heavier
and costlier as compare to UTP.
STP: Is a type of copper telephone wiring in which each of the two copper wires that are twisted together are
coated with an insulating coating that functions as a ground for the wires. The extra covering in shielded
twisted pair wiring protects the transmission line from electromagnetic interference leaking into or out of the
cable. STP cabling often is used in Ethernet networks, especially fast data rate Ethernets.
 ScTP: Screened twisted-pair (ScTP) cabling is a hybrid of UTP and STP cable. ScTP cable typically consists of
four pairs of 100 ohm, 24 AWG wire that are unshielded, but surrounded by a shield of foil and includes a
single drain wire used for grounding.
ScTP is therefore also called FTP (foil twisted-pair), as a foil shield surrounds the conductors. The foil shield is
typically smaller than the woven copper braided jacket used by STP cabling systems. ScTP cable is basically STP
cabling without the individual pairs being shielded. The shield is also often smaller than some types of STP
cabling.
A straight-through

A straight-through cable is the most common cable type. It maps a wire to the same
pins on both ends of the cable. The order of connections (the pin out) for each color is
the exact same on both ends. Two devices directly connected and using different pins
for transmit and receive are known as unlike devices. They require a straight-through
cable to exchange data. For example, connecting a PC to a switch requires a straight-
through cable.

IA/EIA-568A is a set of telecommunications standards from the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) and the
Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) that specify the wiring schemes for twisted-pair structured cabling systems, such as
those used for Ethernet networking
A crossover cable

A crossover cable uses both wiring schemes. T568A on one end of the cable and T568B
on the other end of the same cable.
2. Coaxial Cable: It consists of a solid wire core that is surrounded by one or more
foil or wire shields. The inner core of the coaxial cable carries the signal and the
outer shield provides the ground. It is widely used for television signals and also
used by large corporations in building security systems. Data transmission of this
cable is better but expensive as compared to twisted pair. There are two types of
coaxial cabling.
 Thinnet is used for short-distance. The maximum length of thinnet is 185 meters
 Thicknet. It supports data transfer over longer distances than thinnet. The
maximum length of thinnet is 500 meters

3. Optical fibers: Optical fiber is an important technology. It transmits large


amounts of data at very high speeds due to which it is widely used in internet
cables. It carries data as a light that travels inside a thin glass fiber.
Fiber Optics Mode
Multimode
• Multimode is so named because multiple beams from a light source
move through the core in different paths.
In multimode step-index fiber, the density of the core remains constant
from the center to the edges.
A beam of light moves through this constant density in a straight line
until it reaches the interface of the core and the cladding
 Step index refers to the suddenness of this change, which contributes
to the distortion of the signal as it passes through the fiber.
 multimode graded-index fiber, decreases this distortion of the signal
through the cable .A graded-index fiber, therefore, is one with varying
densities. Density is highest at the center of the core and decreases
gradually to its lowest at the edge.
Single-Mode

• Single-mode uses step-index fiber and a highly focused source of light


that limits beams to a small range of angles, all close to the horizontal
• propagation of different beams is almost identical, and delays are
negligible.
• All the beams arrive at the destination "together" and can be
recombined with little distortion to the signal.
Application of Fiber optics
Fiber-optic cable is often found in backbone networks
• cable TV companies use a combination of optical fiber and coaxial
cable, thus creating a hybrid network
• Local-area networks such as 100Base-FX network (Fast Ethernet) and
1000Base-X also use fiber-optic cable
Unguided Media
The unguided transmission media is a transmission mode in which the signals are
propagated from one device to another device wirelessly. Signals can wave through
the air, water, or vacuum. It is generally used to transmit signals in all directions.
Unguided Media is further divided into various parts :
1. Microwave: Microwave offers communication without the use of cables.
Microwave signals are just like radio and television signals. It is used in long-distance
communication. Microwave transmission consists of a transmitter, receiver, and
atmosphere. In microwave communication, there are parabolic antennas that are
mounted on the towers to send a beam to another antenna. The higher the tower,
the greater the range.
2. Radio wave: When communication is carried out by radio frequencies, then it is
termed radio waves transmission. It offers mobility. It is consists of the transmitter
and the receiver. Both use antennas to radiate and capture the radio signal.
3. Infrared: It is short-distance communication and can pass through any object. It is
generally used in TV remotes, wireless mouse, etc.

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