PHOTOGRAPHY

Prof. Narichma Andrada, RCrim

A. DEFINITION OF TERMS:
 1.PHOTOGRAPHY
• - It is an art or science, which deals with the
reproduction of images through the action of
light, upon sensitized materials with the aid of
camera and accessories and the chemical
processes involved therein.
• Sir John F. W. Herschel in 1839
coined the word Photography when he first
wrote a letter to Henry Fox Talbot
• The word photography was derived
from the two Greek terms “PHOS OR
PHOTOS” which means light and
“GRAPHOS” which means to
writing or “GRAPHIA” which means
to draw
• Literally, photography means to
“draw with light/writing with
light.”
 2. POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY

• is an art or science that deals with the study of

the principles of photography, the preparation
of the photographic evidence, and its
application to police work.
 3. FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY
• he process of photographing crime scene or
any other objects for court presentation.
 4. PHOTOGRAPH
• Is the mechanical and chemical result of
photography.
• An image that can only be a product of
photography.
 5. PICTURE
• It is a generic term refers to all kinds of
formed image
• It is a design or representation made by
various means such as painting, drawing, or
photograph.
• Derived from the Latin word “ pictura”
meaning “a painting” or “pictus” which
means “painted one”
 6. NEGATIVE
• A material showing a negative
(latent) photographic image on transparent
material used for printing positive
picture(photograph) as a result of chemical
processing.
 IMPORTANT YEARS IN
PHOTOGRAPHY
1839-
• birth year of photography
•William Henry Fox Talbot explained the process of the calotype at
the royal society of London

•Also louis Jacques Mande Daguerre made a public demonstration in

PARIS his DAGUERROTYPE in collaboration with Joseph John
Niepce

Note: the fixation in calotype was only partial while in the

daguerreotype, the image was permanent with the use of hypo
1840-Soliel made the ACTINOMETER
1841- talbotype/calotype was used in police work
1848- Abel Niepce de Saint Vitor introduced a process of negatives
on glass using albumen (egg white) as binding medium
1851-Frederick Scott Archer published a wet plate process when
collodion (a vicious liquid that dries to a tough flexible and
transparent film) replace the albumen
1864-odelbercht advocated that photography be used in evidence
documentation
1885- gelatin emultion printing paper was commercially introduced
- during this time the camera were crude; the lenses could not
form true image and sensitive materials requires long period of
exposure and could not reproduce colours in shades of gray
1861- James Clark Maxwell researched in colors
1890- full corrected lenses were introduced
1914- U.S Eastman Kodak made color subtractive process called
Kodachrome
1947- Edwin H. Land introduced the polaroid

1960- LASER WAS INVENTEDMAKING POSSIBLE FOR

HOLOGRAMS (3D PICTURES)
 LEGAL FOUNDATION OF
PHOTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE

1. For Black and White Photographs

1859 – Daguerreotype was used in civil case, Lueo vs. United States, 23 Howard 515 to
decide on the authenticity of photographs in comparing signatures.
1874 - In a criminal case introducing photograph as identification evidence, Underzook
vs. Commonwealth, 76 Pa. 340.
2.For Color Photographs
1943 – Civil litigations Green vs. City and country of Denver, 3 Colo. 390 142
P.2 D .277 involving color photography of spoiled meat in violation of a health
ordinance prohibiting the sale of putrid meat to the public.

1960 – In criminal case, state vs. Conte 157 Comm. 251 A.2d 81 showing the
graphic wound of the victim.
3. For Digital Photographs
1995 - State of Washington vs. Eric Hayden. A homicide case was taken through a
Kelly-Frye hearing in which the defense specifically objected on the grounds that
the digital images were manipulated. The court authorized the use of digital
imaging and the defendant was found guilty. In 1998 the Appellate Court upheld
the case on appeal
SPECIAL USES OF
PHOTOGRAPHY
 INFRARED
PHOTOGRAPHY
• IS THE RECORDING OF IMAGES FORMED BY INFRARED
RADIATION
 ULTRAVIOLET
PHOTOGRAPHY
• The art or process of photographing or recording unseen object by
means of ultraviolet light.
 PHOTOMICROGRAPHY

• The taking a
magnified photograph
of small object
through attaching a
camera to the acular
of a compound
microscope.
 PHOTOMACROGAPY
• Taking a
magnified( enlarge)
photograph of small
object by attaching an
extended tube
lens(macro lens) to
the camera
 MICROPHOTOGRAPHY
• The production of
photographs in
which the image of
an objects is
reproduced much
smaller than it
actually is
 MUG SHOT
PHOTOGRAPHY
• It is usually use
for personal
identification
which is the
first use of
photography in
police work.
 X – RAY PHOTOGRAPHY
• X rays are invisible
electromagnetic waves.
They behave much like
visible light. But they
can pass through things
such as wood,
cardboard, and flesh,
which light cannot
penetrate.
• The Chinese were the
first people that we
know to write about
the basic idea of the
pinhole camera or
“camera obscura”
Latin words meaning
“dark room”
PHOTOGRAPIC RAYS
(NATURE AND
CHARACTERISTICS)
CHARACTERISTICS
• X-RAY
.01-30 millimicron “shadow photography”

• ULTRA VIOLET LIGHT

30-40 millimicrons”black light”

• VISIBLE LIGHT
400-700 millimicron

• INFRARED LIGHT
700-1,000 millimicron
 LIGHT
• Light is radiant energy, usually referring to electromagnetic
radiation that is visible to the human eye, and is responsible for the
sense of sight.
• This form of energy travels at a speed of about 299,792,458 m/s
• (approximately 186,282 miles per second). In air but they differ in
wavelength and frequency.
• MOST IMPORTANT IN PHOTOGRAPHY
NATURE OF
LIGHT
Wave theory
(Chistian Huygens) based on the transmission of motion along the
surface of water
Corpuscular theory
(Isaac Newton) lights exert its effect through the motion of a very
small particles called corpuscles
Electromagnetic theory
(Clerk Maxwell) concluded that light was a form of
electromagnetic radiation.
• WAVELENGHT- DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO CREST
• FREQUENCY- NUMBERS OF WAVES PER SECOND

CREST WAVELENGTH

TROUGH
FREQUENCY
PROPERTIES OF
LIGHT
1. Reflection –
deflection or
bouncing back
of light when it
hits a surface.
2. Refraction –
bending of light
when passing
through a
medium to
another
3.Diffraction
– bending of light
when it hits a sharp
edge of an opaque
object.
 REASONS FOR BENDING
OF LIGHT
• TRANSPARENT-allow the light to pass through clearly
• TRANSLUCENT-not clearly enough but allow light to pass
through
• OPAQUE- does not allow light to pass through
 PRODUCTION OF
COLOURS
• Absorption- color of most ordinary object are due to the fact that they do
not absorb the same amount of light at each wavelength.

• Scattering – scattering of light in various direction.

• Interference – colors can be produced by interference of light waves in
thin film.

• Fluorescence – when molecules of the fluorescent material absorb

energy at one wavelength and radiate it at another wavelength.

• Dispersion – color may arise from differences in the refraction or being

power of a transparent medium of light to different wavelength.
 COLORS IN
PHOTOGRAPHY
 THE PRIMARY COLORS-RGB

• RED (longest
wavelength)
• BLUE
• GREEN
 THE SECONDARY COLORS

• MAGENTA
(shortest
wavelength)
• CYAN
• YELLOW
NEUTRAL COLOR

• GRAY
• WHITE
• BLACK
COLOR MIXING
1. Color Addition
R+B+G=W
R+B=M
R+G=Y
B+G=C
M+Y=R
M+C=B
Y+C=G
2. Color Subtraction
W-R=C
W-B=Y
W-G=M
W-C=R
W-Y=B
W-M=G
C-G=B
Y-G=R
Y-R=G
 SOURCES OF LIGHT
• NATURAL
– are light which come to existence without the intervention of man
• ARTIFICIAL
-all created by technology that can produce light (floodlamp,flourascent
lamp, infrared lamp,ultraviolet lamp)
- are light which are man made

• Continuous radiation – incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps,

photoflood lamps, etc.

• Short duration – chemical flash (Flash bulb), electronic flash.

CLASSIFICATION OF
DAYLIGHT
INTENSITY
 BRIGHT SUNLIGHT

-A lighting
condition where
object in open
space cast a deep
and uniform or
distinct shadow.
 HAZY SUNLIGHT

- Object in open
cast a
transparent
shadow
 DULL SUNLIGHT

- Object in
open space
cast no shadow
Factors affecting the color of daylight:
1. Atmospheric vapor – tends to color the daylight orange.

2. Atmospheric dust filters – the sun rays and scatters rays of

the shorter wavelengths more than those of longer
wavelengths. (Blueness of the sky due to scattering effect of
the blue light)
 CAMERA
• A camera is basically nothing more than a light
tight box with a pinhole or a lens, shutter at one end
and a holder of sensitized material at the other.
While there are various kinds of camera from the
simplest construction to the most complicated, all
operate on the same principles. The exposure of the
sensitized material to light is controlled by the lens
and its aperture, and the shutter through its speed in
opening and closing of lens to light.
• The essential parts of a camera are: a light
tight box, a lens, a shutter, a holder of
sensitized material, viewfinder.. All other
accouterment of any camera merely make
picture taking easier, faster, and
convenient for the operator and are called
accessories.
 ESSENTIAL PARTS OF THE
CAMERA
1. Body or Light Tight Box – suggest an
enclosure or devoid of light. Opens and closes
on a predetermined time during exposure and
allows only the light coming from the lens to
reach the film.
2. Lens - The function of the lens is to focus the
light coming from the subject. It is chiefly
responsible for the sharpness of the image
formed through which light passes during
exposure.
 3. Shutter – is used to allow light to enter through the lens
and reach the film for a pre-determined intervals of time,
which light is again blocked off from the film.
* Leaf shutter- made up of small overlapping metal blades powered by
spring and generally either between the lens of the camera known as
the central plane shutter or after the lens of the camera
* Focal plane shutter- is made up of a black cloth sheet of metal and
generally found in the film shutter

4. Holder of sensitized material – located at the opposite

side of the lens. Its function is to hold firmly the sensitized
material in its place during exposure to prevent the
formation of a multiple or blurred image of the subject.
5. Viewfinder – it is a means of determining the field of
view of the camera or the extent of the coverage of the lens.
4. Holder of sensitized material – located at the
opposite side of the lens. Its function is to hold
firmly the sensitized material in its place during
exposure to prevent the formation of a multiple
or blurred image of the subject.
5. Viewfinder – it is a means of determining the
field of view of the camera or the extent of the
coverage of the lens.
Similarity of a camera to human eye
Eyeball- Camera Body
Eyelid- Shutter
Lens-Camera Lens
Iris- Diaphragm
Pupil- Aperture
Retina- Film/Film Holder
• Types of film (black & white) according to Color or
Spectral sensitivity:

• Monochromatic (blue sensitivity) – sensitive to UV and blue

color only.
• Orthochromatic film – sensitive to UV to blue and green
light.
• Panchromatic – sensitive to UV, blue, green, red or all
colors, it has a widest range of spectral sensitivity.
• Infra-red films – sensitive to UV, blue, green, red or all
colors or infra-red rays.
CAMERA ACCESSORIES
• TRIPOD
• CABLE REALEASE- ATTACHED TO SHUTTER RELEASE
• LIGHT METER- MEASURES INTENSITY OF LIGHT
• CAMERA GRIP –PREVENT VIBRATION
• LENS HOOD-ELIMINATE SOME LIGHT REFLECTION
TYPES OF CAMERA
• VIEW FINDER TYPE- SMALLEST/SIMPLEST/ WITH
SIMPLE LENS
SLR (single lens reflex camera)
-can be viewed directly behind the lens
- type of camera best suited or police work
• TLR (twin lens reflex)
- Camera with dual lens, one for focusing and the other one for
forming the image.
- has 2 lens
• VIEW/PROCESS CAMERA
- considered as the biggest and the most sophisticated camera.
Used in movie making.
 INHERENT DEFECTS OF LENSES
• Spherical Aberration

– inability of the lens to focus light passing side of the

lens producing an image that is sharp in the center and blurred at
the side.
• Coma

– inability of the lens to travel straight or lateral.

• Curvature of the field

– the relation of the image are incorrect with respect

to one another.
• Distortion – outer parts of the image produced by
the lens will be magnified either less or more than
the center image.

• Barrel distortion – diaphragm is placed in front

of the lens.(bloated)
• Pincushion distortion – diaphragm is placed
behind the lens.(stretched)
• Chromatic Aberration

– inability of the lens to focus all the colors in the same

place
• Astigmatism

– horizontal and vertical axis are not equally magnified.

• Flares
- condition of lens producing multiple image.
 TYPES OF LENSES AS
ACCORDING TO THEIR
DEGREE OF CORRECTION
• Meniscuss lens – lens that has no correction
• Rapid Rectilinear lens– lens corrected for distortion.
• Anastigmat lens – correcting astigmatism
• Apochromat lens – correcting both astigmatism and chromatic
aberration.
TYPE OF LENSES ACCORDING
TO FOCAL LENGTH
• Wide-angle lens/ short focus – a lens with a focal length
of less than the diagonal of its negative material.

• Normal lens – a lens with a focal length of

approximately equal or more but not more than twice the
diagonal of its negative material.

• Long or Telephoto lens – a lens with a focal length of

more than twice the diagonal of its negative material.

• Zoom lens- has a variable focal length which can be

adjusted continuously. Known as “variable focus lens”
 THE TWO GENERAL
TYPES OF SPEED
RATINGS ARE
• ASA (American Standards Association)

- This is expressed in arithmetical value system. The

speeds in numbers are directly proportional to the
sensitivity of the material. A film with an arithmetical
value of 400 is four times as fast as one with a speed of
100.
• DIN (Deutche Industri Normen) Rating

- This is expressed in logarithmic value system. In this

system an increase of 3 degrees double the sensitivity of
the film.
• ISO Rating ( International Standard Organization)
-combination of ASA and DIN rating
 HERE'S HOW IT WORKS:

• The larger the F-stop number, the

smaller the opening.
• Each number higher lets in half as
much light as one number lower.
FOR EXAMPLE, F5.6 ADMITS TWICE
AS MUCH LIGHT AS F8, WHILE F11
LETS IN ONLY HALF AS MUCH.
• The aperture doesn't work alone,
however. The shutter speed is
responsible for exposure, too. It controls
the amount of time light is allowed to
reach the film.
 STEPS IN ENLARGING

• Preparation of the darkroom, chemicals and the

enlarger.
• Put off white light, switch on red light.
• Place the negative in the negative holder with the
dull side of the negative facing down.
• Insert the negative holder into the enlarger.
• Switch on the enlarger’s light.
• Adjust the easel to the desired size of the
photograph.
• Focus the lens of the enlarger. Focusing is done by
first opening the lens diaphragm fully. After the
image has been focused, and the density of the
negative permits, the lens of the enlarger must be
stop down a little bit.
• Switch off the light of the enlarger.
• Insert the photographic paper in the easel with the
shinny side facing up.
• Make the exposure.
• Immerse the exposed photographic paper in the
developer. The usual developing time for a
normally exposed paper is about 1 to 1½ minutes.
• Transfer the developed print in the stop bath for
about 30 seconds.
• Place the prints in the acid fixer. The fixing time is
about 30 minutes.
• Wash the prints in running water for about 20 to 30
minutes.
• Drying
• Mounting
CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY
 PHOTOGRAPHIC
PROCEDURES
• The camera should be mounted on a sturdy tripod whenever
to prevent camera movement.
• The camera should be leveled whenever commensurate with
the particular photograph to be taken.
• Crime scene views include three general classes.
• Long range views- showing general location and
conditions.
• Medium range views- pinpointing a specific object of
evidence or significant segment of the crime scene.
• Close-up views- recording position and details.
• Extreme close up- show the extent of damage
 DID YOU KNOW?
• That al hazen is an arab scholar who first use the dark room with
pinhole that is later known as the camera obscura( dark chamber)
 DID YOU KNOW?
• That 1727 heinriech schuls discover that light affects the nature of
the substance and verified by schee after 52 years.
 DID YOU KNOW?
• That talbotype is also calle the “mouse trap”
 DID YOU KNOW?
• Abel niepce created a negative on glass using albumen in 1848
 DID YOU KNOW?
• That Herschel introduce the use of fixer
 DID YOU KNOW?
• That the first true digital camera was the fujiDs –ip with 16 mb
internal memory
• That the first commercially camera was the Kodak DCS (1992)
 DID YOU KNOW?
• That Odelbercht advocated the use of photograph for personal
identification (1864)
 DID YOU KNOW?
• That allowed size of photograph in court is 5”x7”
 DID YOU KNOW?
• The oldest lens is the nimrud lens
 DID YOU KNOW?
• THAT HERSCHEL COINED THE WORD PHOTOGRAPHY
AND HE ALSO DISCOVERED THE INFRARED IN 1856
 DID YOU KNOW?
• THAT LEONARDO D VINCI DESCRIBE THE CAMERA
OBSCURA