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Chapter 1 (1445 Sem2)

The document discusses the fundamental concepts of physics including measurement standards, units, and dimensional analysis. It covers: - The International System of Units (SI) and its seven base quantities including the units for length, mass, and time. - Derived quantities and their units which are derived from the base units, such as area, speed, force, and energy. - Dimensional analysis and checking if expressions are dimensionally correct. - Conversions between different units like inches to centimeters and miles to kilometers. - Estimates and order-of-magnitude calculations to get quick approximate answers using scientific notation and powers of ten.

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14 views

Chapter 1 (1445 Sem2)

The document discusses the fundamental concepts of physics including measurement standards, units, and dimensional analysis. It covers: - The International System of Units (SI) and its seven base quantities including the units for length, mass, and time. - Derived quantities and their units which are derived from the base units, such as area, speed, force, and energy. - Dimensional analysis and checking if expressions are dimensionally correct. - Conversions between different units like inches to centimeters and miles to kilometers. - Estimates and order-of-magnitude calculations to get quick approximate answers using scientific notation and powers of ten.

Uploaded by

jsjdvejdhdh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1

Physics and Measurement

Standards of Length, Mass, and Time 1-1

,There are many physical quantities


… ,for example , time, mass, force, pressure

.The International System of Units (SI) was established in 1960


.The SI system of units has seven base quantities

.The units of all other quantities can be derived from the units of these three quantities

Basic Quantities (and Units): Derived Quantities (and Units):


1-Length (meter, m) 1-Area (m2) 2-Speed (m/s)
2-Mass (kilogram, kg) 3-Force (Newton, N = kg . (m/s2))
3-Time (second, s) 4-Energy (Joule, J = N . m)
4- 5- 6- 7- 5-Power (Watt, W = (J/s))
The SI unit of length is meter
The meter was redefined as the distance traveled by light
.in vacuum during a time of 1/299 792 458 second

The SI unit of time is second


The second is defined as the time taken by 9 192 631 770
.oscillations of the light emitted by the cesium atom

The SI unit of mass is kilogram


The kilogram is defined in terms of three fundamental
physical constants: The speed of light c, a specific atomic
.transition frequency ΔνCs, and the Planck constant h
Derive the unit of Area

Derive the unit of volume


Density Matter and Model Building 1.2
The density (ρ) of any substance is defined
as its mass (m) per unit volume (V)

Quick Quiz 1.1 (Page 6)


In a machine shop, two cams are produced, one of
aluminum and one of iron. Both cams have the
?same mass. Which cam is larger
a-The aluminum cam
b-iron cam
c-Both cams have the same size

Density of aluminum is lower than the density of iron


)The answer is a(

ρ(aluminum) = 2.7 x 10-3 kg/m3 ,ρ (iron) = 7.85 x 10-3


kg/ m3 :Mass (atom, nucleus, proton, neutron, electrons) is measured by
Densities of Some Common Substances (table 14-1 in page 419) atomic mass unit (u) , [ 1 u = 1.6605387 X 10-27 kg]
Problem 2 (Page 15)
The standard kilogram (m = 1 kg) is a platinum – iridium cylinder (39.0 mm) in
?height (h) and (39 mm) in diameter .What is the density of the material

Solution
h = 39 mm = 39 x 10-3 m
r = (39/2) = (19.5 mm) = 19.5 x 10-3 m

The Volume of the Cylinder is V = (π r2) (h)

V = (π r2) (h) = (3.14) (19.5 x 10-3)2 (39 x 10-3) = 4.66 x 10-5 m3

The density of the cylinder is

ρ= (m / V) = 1/ (4.66 x 10-5) = 2.15 x 104 kg/m3


Dimensional Analysis 1-3 Another examples

.The dimension of a quantity is its property that we measure

For distances, we measure length. Dimension of distance = length


For periods, we measure time. Dimension of period = time

:All quantities in phys 3111 can be expressed in terms of three dimensions


Length (L) Time(T) Mass (M)

.The brackets [ ] is used to denote the dimension of a quantity


stands for the dimension of acceleration ]acceleration[
== = Length = L , [speed] = = , [a] = ]distance[

1 , [angle] = 1,[argument of a trigonometric function] = 1 = ]pure number[

Quantities with dimension 1 are called dimensionless quantities


.Quantities can be added or subtracted only if they have the same dimensions
Another examples
Example 1.1 (page 8)

Show that the expression v = at, where v represents speed, a


.acceleration, and t an instant of time, is dimensionally correct

v = at is dimensionally correct
Example
Is the expression
dimensionally correct
Conversion of Units 1-4 )Appendix A gives conversion factors(

:Example
.Convert 15.0 in. to centimeters

:Quick Quiz 1.3


? The distance between two cities 100 mile. What is the number of kilometers between the two cities
Smaller than 100 (b)Larger than 100 (c) Equal to 100 )a(

km 160.9

Example 1.3(page10)
,On an interstate highway in a rural region of Wyoming
.a car is traveling at a speed of 38.0 m/s
?Is the driver exceeding the speed limit of 75.0 mi/h
Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations 1-5 )It is useful if you want to get a quick rough answer(

In some case we do not need the exact number but rather an estimate, which may be expressed in scientific
notation. The estimate may be made even more approximate by expressing it as an order of magnitude, which is a
:power of ten determined as follows

.Express the number in scientific notation, with the multiplier of the power of ten between 1 and 10 and a unit .1

If the multiplier is less than 3.162 (the square root of 10), the order of magnitude of the number is the power of 10 .2
.in the scientific notation

If the multiplier is greater than 3.162, the order of magnitude is one larger than the power of 10 in the scientific .3
notation. (We use the symbol for “ in order of ” )
:Use the procedure above to verify the orders of magnitude for the following lengths

The order of magnitude of 2700 is


The order of magnitude of 7600 is

The order of magnitude of 720 is


The order of magnitude of 0.0086 is
The order of magnitude of 0.0021 is
Solved Problems

5
Solved Problems

An aspirin tablet contains 325 mg Is the expression v = xt, where v


8 .of acetylsalicylic acid 10 represents speed, x distance, and t an
Express this mass in grams .instant of time, dimensionally correct

m = 325 mg = 325 x 10-3 g = 0.325

9 convert 54 km/h to m/s

v = at is not dimensionally correct


Practice Problems

1
Practice Problems

Hint: use dimensional analysis for (V) and (p) and (d)
Pressure=F/A its dimension M L−1 T−2
Home Work

Newton’s law of universal gravitation is represented by


2 where F is the magnitude of the gravitational force exerted by one small object on
another, M and m are the masses of the objects, and r is a distance. Force has the SI
units . What are the SI units of the proportionality constant G?

3 Using F= m a derive the unit of force

4 ?The speed of the bicycle is 25 m/s, what is its speed in km/h

5 A rectangular building lot has a width of 75.0 ft and a length of


.125 ft. Determine the area of this lot in square meters

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