OBJECTIVES

§Define Chemistry
§ Define matter
§ Classifying pure substances as element
s or compounds
§ Describe the characteristics of an elem
ent and compound
§ Distinguish pure substance from mixtur
es
§ Classify mixtures as solutions, suspensi
ons, or colloids
 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

§ Definition
- study of matter and the changes it unde
rgoes
Divided into five major areas
Organic: study of essential all substances c
ontaining carbon
§ Inorganic: study of substances that do no
t contain carbon
 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

- Physical: study of theories and exp

eriments that describe the behavio
r of chemicals
- Analytical: study of the compositio
n of substances
- Biochemistry: study of the chemistr
y of living organisms.
 MATTER
§ Definition
- anything that occupy or takes up
space and it has mass and volume.
ex. everything
 PURE SUBSTANCE
§ Matter that always has the same composition
§ ex. table salt, sugar, sulfur,
- fixed, uniform composition: every sample of
a given substance has the same properties
- 2 categories
- elements
ex. H, O, Si, C
- compounds
ex. NaCl, KBr
 ELEMENTS
§ - a substance that can not be broken down into si
mpler substances
- 118 elements
- 88 are found naturally, about 90%
- not equally common
- others are made in laboratories
Why?
- heaviest elements are too unstable to occur natu
rally
 - elements heavier than hydrogen are manufac
tured in stars, enormous temperatures and press
ures cause hydrogen atoms to fuse into more com
plex elements
 COMPOUNDS
 Definition
- a substance made of atoms of more than one
element bound together
- unique and different from the elements it
contains
ex. Water: (H2O) liquid, clear, non toxic
hydrogen & oxygen
- gas, colorless - gas, colorless
- non toxic - non toxic
- volatile
 MOLECULES
 Definition
- is two or more atoms connected by chemical bo
nds, which form the smallest unit of a substance t
hat retains the composition and properties of that
substance. Molecules form the basis of chemistry.
Molecules are noted with the element symbol and
a subscript with the number of atoms.
ex. water (H2O) has three atoms, two hydrogen (H)
atoms and one oxygen (O) atom. Methane (CH4), a co
mmon greenhouse gas, has five atoms, one of carbon
(C) and four of hydrogen.
 CLASSIFYING MATTER
 Mixtures
- combination of more than one
pure substance
ex. salsa, air, salad, pepper
Two types of mixtures
 - heterogeneous
- homogenous
 Classifying Mixtures
 Heterogeneous
- not uniform in composition
- different components can be seen as individual s
ubstances
ex: Oj: juice & water, pulp
Suspension (Heterogeneous)
- mixtures that separates into layers over time
- suspended particles settle out of solution or are
trapped by filter
 - larger particles can scatter light: will be cloud
y
 Classifying Matter
 Homogenous
- substances are so evenly distributed that it is
difficult to distinguish one substance from
another
-appears to contain only one substance
ex. stainless steel: iron, nickel, chromium
- 2 categories
- solutions, and colloids
- based upon the size of the largest
particles.
 Classifying Matter
 Solutions (Homogenous)
- mixtures that forms when substances dissolve
and form a homogenous solution
- particles are too small to settle, scatter light, or
be trapped
ex. salt water, windshield wiper fluid
Colloids (Homogeneous)
- mixtures that contain some particles that are
intermediate in size between the small particles
in a solution and the larger particles in a
suspension
- do not separate into layers
 PROPERTIES OF MATTER
 Two types of properties
- chemical and physical
Which ones do you think are physical properties?
Evolution of a gas : Chemical

Color Change:

Cutting: Chemical
Physical
 Physical Properties of Matter
 Definition
- a characteristic of a substance that can b
e observed or measured without changing
the composition of the substance
ex. viscosity, conductivity, malleabilit
y
melting point, boiling point
- remain the same for all pure substances
ex. water always boils at 100 and free
 Physical Properties of Matter
 Viscosity
- the tendency of a liquid to keep from flowing
- the greater the viscosity, the slower the liquid
moves
ex. oil vs. honey
- will usually decrease when it is heated
Conductivity
- materials ability to allow heat to flow
ex. metal vs. wood
 Physical Properties of Matter
 Malleability
- ability of a solid to be hammered without
shattering
ex. silver vs. glass
Hardness
- can be compared by examining which
object scratched
ex. knife against copper sheet
 copper sheet will scratch
 Physical Properties of Matter
 Melting/Boiling points
- Melting pt.: temperature at which a substance
changes from a solid to liquid
ex. ice cube at room temperature
- Boiling Pt.: temperature at which a substance
boils
ex. water boils at 100o C
Density
- the ratio of a materials mass to its volume
- D= M/V
 Chemical Properties of Matter
 Definition
- any ability to produce a change in the
composition of matter
- can only be observed when the substances in
a sample of matter are changing into a
different substance
Flammability
- material’s ability to burn in the presence of
oxygen
 ex. newspaper, gasoline
 Chemical Properties of Matter

 Reactivity
- describes how readily a substance c
ombines chemically with other subst
ances
ex. iron turns to rust in the presenc
e of oxygen.
 States of Matter
- one of the most important ways we can describe
matter is by its phase, also known as its state
- 5 states of matter, solid, liquid, gas, plasma, BE
C (Bose-Eistein condensate)

- Solid: definite shape and volume and is not read

ily deformed
- ex. rock
- Liquid: definite volume but indefinite shape
- ex. milk may take the shape of its carton or
the shape of a bowl, but its volume remains the s
ame.
 States of Matter
 Gas: a diffuse, having neither definite shape or
volume
 ex. compressed air may assume the volum
e and shape of a toy balloon or an automobile
tire.
 States of Matter
 Plasma
- state of matter in which atoms have been
striped of their electrons
- exist at extremely high temperatures

Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC)

- exists at extremely low temperatures –
2730C
- behave as though they were a single particle
 Characteristics of Phase Changes
 Phase Change
- the reversible physical change that occurs when
a substances changes from one state of matter to
another
ex. Ice ----- water
- energy is either absorbed or released
- absorbed: endothermic
- released: exothermic
Common phase changes
- freezing, melting, vaporization, condensation,
sublimation, deposition
 KINETIC THEORY
 Kinetic Theory
- all particles of matter are in constant
motion
ex. a pitched baseball

Kinetic Energy (KE)

- the energy an object has due to it’s motion
 - faster the object moves the more KE
 Kinetic Energy Relationships
 Kinetic Energy relationship to
 Temperature
- interdependent
- as temperature increases KE
increases
Mass
- interdependent
 - greater the mass the greater
 MELTING
 Melting
- molecules are becoming less orderly
- subatomic level: molecules gain energy and
begin to vibrate
- when all molecules have enough energy to
move melting is complete
ex. Ice (solid)  Water (liquid)
Water molecules keep the molecules
in fixed position. Heat flows from
surrounding area increasing the KE, therefore
the temperature.
 FREEZING
 Freezing
- molecules are becoming more orderly
- subatomic level: molecules lose energy and
begin to slow down
- when all molecules are have been drawn into
an orderly arrangement, freezing is complete
ex. water (liquid)  ice (solid)
molecules posses energy and are able to move,
as the temperature decreases the KE
decreases, slowing down molecules.
 VAPORIZATION
 Definition
-phase change in which a substance cha
nges from a liquid into a gas
- endothermic (absorbs energy)
- two processes
- boiling
- evaporation
 VAPORIZATION
 Boiling
- takes place throughout a liquid (boiling pt)
- depends upon the atmospheric pressure
- will differ for all substances
ex. pot of water on the stove In Phoenix vs.
Flagstaff
Evaporation
- takes place at the surface of a liquid, occurs at
temperatures below the boiling pt.
 ex. puddles after a rainy day within a
few
 CONDENSATION
 Definition
- phase change in which a substance
changes from a gas/vapor to a liquid
- exothermic (gives off heat)
ex. morning dew on grass
water on mirror after a
shower
 SUBLIMATION
 Definition
- phase change in which a substance c
hanges from a solid to a gas/vapor wit
hout changing into a liquid first
- endothermic (absorbs heat)
ex. dry ice (solid carbon dioxide)
 vapors form clouds
 DEPOSITION
 Definition
- a gas/vapor changes directly into a
solid without first changing to a
liquid
ex. dry ice: solid carbon dioxide
water vapor  ice
when cold air hits window
 PRESSURE
 Pressure
- the result of a force distributed over an area
ex. two people of differing weight sit on a
padded booth (imprint left behind)
SI unit
- N/m2 :due to force and area
- pascal (Pa)
 Factors
- temperature
- volume
- number of particles
 Factors Affecting Pressure
 Temperature
- increase in temperature increase in pressure
ex. tires of a car after traveling a distance
* Increase in temperature = increase in KE, the mo
vement of particles = more collision = more press
ure
Volume
- reducing volume increases pressure
ex. empty water bottled: crush it, unscrew t
he lid just enough to let air seep out, cap wil
 Factors Affecting Pressure

 Number of particles
- increasing the number of particles i
ncreases the pressure
ex. blowing up a balloon: too much
air and it will burst
 CHARLES’S LAW
 The volume of a gas is directly proportional to
its temperature in kelvins if the pressure and
the number of particles of the gas are constant
 - the volume of gas increases at the same
rate as the temperature of gas
 - extended this graph until –273.15oC,
absolute zero = 0 K
 Mathematical Expression
 V1 = V2
 T1 = T2 Temperature must be in
 BOYLE’S LAW
 The volume of a gas is inversely
proportional to its pressure if the
temperature and the number of
particles are constant.
 Mathematically
 P1 V 1 = P 2 V 2
 (Before) (After)
 COMBINED GAS LAW
 Relationship of Boyle’s and Charles’s
Law:
- when the number of particles are
constant the relationship among
temperature, volume, pressure
Mathematically
P 1 V1 = P 2 V2
T1 T2