UNIT – 3

Understanding Cloud
1
Computing
 Books Recommended
2 TEXTBOOKS
 1. Stuart Russell, Peter Norvig, Artificial
Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 3rd
Edition,Pearson Publications, 2020
 2. Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy,
Melanie Swan O’Reilly Publications
 3. Thomas Erl, Ricardo Puttini, Zaigham Mahmood
,Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology &
Architecture, Prentice Hall, 2013
 4. Adrian McEwen, Hakim Cassimally, Designing
the Internet of Things, Wiley, 2013.
 5. Saikat Dutt, Subramaniyam Chandramouli, Amit
Kumar Das, Machine Learning, Pearson Education
 UNIT – II

3
Cloud origins and influences,
Basic concepts and terminology,
Goals and benefits,
Risks and challenges.
Fundamental Concepts and
Models:
Roles and boundaries,
cloud characteristics,
cloud delivery models,
cloud deployment model
 Cloud origins and influences
4 
 Cloud origins and influences
5  A cloud refers to a distinct IT environment that is designed for
the purpose of remotely provisioning scalable and measured IT
resources.
 The term originated as a metaphor for the Internet which is, in
essence, a network of networks providing remote access to a set
of decentralized IT resources.
 The symbol used to denote the boundary of a cloud environment:
 Cloud Concept
6  A cloud is hosting eight IT resources: three virtual servers, two cloud
services, and three storage devices.

 Cloud environments are comprised of highly extensive infrastructure that

offers pools of IT resources that can be leased using a pay-for-use model
whereby only the actual usage of the IT resources is billable.
 When compared to equivalent on-premise environments, clouds provide
the potential for reduced initial investments and operational costs
proportional to measured usage.
 Cloud Vs Internet
7  Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services —including
servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and
intelligence—over the internet (“the cloud”) to offer faster innovation,
flexible resources, and economies of scale.
 A cloud is a specific environment, used to remotely provision IT
resources. There are many individual clouds that are accessible via the
Internet.
 Whereas the Internet provides open access to many Web-based IT
resources, a cloud is typically privately owned and offers access to IT
resources that is metered.
 Much of the Internet is dedicated to the access of content-based IT
resources published via the World Wide Web.
 IT resources provided by cloud environments, on the other hand, are
dedicated to supplying back-end processing capabilities and user-
based access to these capabilities.
 Another key distinction is that it is not necessary for clouds to be
Web-based even if they are commonly based on Internet protocols and
technologies.
 Cloud Computing – Definitions
8  A Gartner report listing cloud computing at the top of its strategic
technology areas further reaffirmed its prominence as an industry trend
by announcing its formal definition as: “…a style of computing in
which scalable and elastic IT-enabled capabilities are delivered as a
service to external customers using Internet technologies.”
 Forrester Research provided its own defi nition of cloud computing as:
“…a standardized IT capability (services, software, or infrastructure)
delivered via Internet technologies in a pay-per-use, self-service way.”
 NIST published its original defi nition back in 2009, followed by a
revised version after further review and industry input that was
published in September of 2011:
 “Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient,
on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable
computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications,
and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with
minimal management effort or service provider interaction. This
cloud model is composed of five essential characteristics, three
service models, and four deployment models.”
 Cloud Computing – Definitions
9
 Characteristics of Cloud Computing
10  On-demand Self Service: A consumer can request and receive access to
a service offering, without an administrator or some sort of support staff
having to fulfil the request manually.
 Broad network Access: The servers can be accessed from any location
using any type of device – anywhere access and anytime.
 Resource Pooling: Resource can be storage, memory, network
bandwidth, virtual machines, etc. which can be consumed by the cloud
users. Resource Pooling means that multiple customers are serviced
from the same physical resources.
 Measured Services: Pay according to the services you use. This helps in
lowering operating costs, running infrastructure more efficiently, and
scale as the business needs change.
 Rapid Elasticity and Stability: The ability to quickly provision
resources in the cloud as organizations need them and then to remove
them when they don’t need them.
 Easy maintenance: Maintenance of the cloud is easier.
 Security: Data is copied on various servers i.e., if one fails, data is safe
on the other
 Benefits of Cloud Computing
11  Resources accessible anywhere, anytime
 On-demand self-service
 Reduced IT cost(We need not purchase hardware, no
maintenance, etc.)
 Scalability- If traffic on website is more, we can scale up
anytime and similarly scale down also.
 Online development and deployment tools
 Collaboration – People sitting in different countries can do a
project through collaborating and getting their data stored on
the cloud
 Offers security as data stored is stored at multiple locations.
 Location and device independence
 Saves our time – we need not update the software, or maintain
the hardware.
 Applications of Cloud Computing
12  Online Data Storage : Cloud computing allows storing data
like files, images, audios, and videos, etc on the cloud storage.
The organization need not set physical storage systems to store
a huge volume of business data which costs so high nowadays.
 Backup and Recovery: Cloud vendors provide security from
their side for safe storing of data, backup facility to the data
and recovery application for retrieving the lost data.
 Big data Analysis: Cloud computing has resolved the problem
of storing large volume of data by allowing the organizations
to store it in cloud storage.
 E-commerce Application: Cloud-based e-commerce allows
responding quickly to the opportunities which are emerging.
 Educational applications: Cloud computing in the education
sector brings an unbelievable change in learning by providing
eLearning, online distance learning platforms, and student
information portals to the students
 Applications of Cloud Computing
13
 E-Governance Application: Cloud computing can provide its
services to multiple activities conducted by the government. It
can support the government to move from the traditional ways
of management and service providers to an advanced way of
everything by expanding the availability of the environment,
making the environment more scalable and customized.
 Cloud Computing in Medical Fields: In the medical field,
cloud computing is used for storing and accessing the data as
it allows to store data and access it through the internet
without worrying about any physical setup.
 Entertainment Applications: Many people get entertainment
from the internet, in that case, cloud computing is the perfect
place for reaching to a varied consumer base. Therefore
different types of entertainment industries reach near the
target audience by adopting a multi-cloud strategy.
 Types of Cloud Computing
14
 Public Cloud Model
15
 Public Cloud Model
16  With a public cloud, all hardware, software, and other supporting
infrastructure are owned and managed by the cloud provider.
Microsoft Azure is an example of a public cloud.
 In a public cloud, the same hardware, storage, and network devices
are shared by different organizations or cloud “tenants,”
 Each organization can access services and manages its account
using a web browser.
 Public cloud deployments are frequently used to provide web-
based email, online office applications, storage, and testing and
development environments.
 Advantages of public clouds:
 Lower costs—no need to purchase hardware or software, and you
pay only for the service you use.
 No maintenance—your service provider provides the maintenance.
 Near-unlimited scalability—on-demand resources are available to
meet your business needs.
 High reliability—a vast network of servers ensures against failure.
 Public Cloud Model – Appropriate/Inappropriate
17
 S.No.
. Appropriate in following Inappropriate in
circumstances following
circumstances

1. There is a high demand for It is critical to

resources, resulting in a large user maintain a high level
base. of security.

2. There is a dynamic change of Autonomy is expected

resources based on customer by the organization.
requirements.

3. No physical infrastructure exists. Reliability from a

third party is not
recommended.

4. A company's finances are limited.

 Private Cloud Model
18
 Private Cloud Model
19  A private cloud consists of cloud computing resources used exclusively by
one business or organization.
 The private cloud can be physically located at an organization’s on-site
datacenter, or it can be hosted by a third-party service provider.
 But in a private cloud, the services and infrastructure are always
maintained on a private network and the hardware and software are
dedicated solely to a particular organization.
 In this way, a private cloud can make it easier for an organization to
customize its resources to meet specific IT requirements.
 Private clouds are often used by government agencies, financial
institutions, any other mid- to large-size organizations with business-
critical operations seeking enhanced control over their environment.
 Advantages of a private cloud:
 More flexibility—your organization can customize its cloud
environment to meet specific business needs.
 More control—resources are not shared with others, so higher
levels of control and privacy are possible.
 More scalability—private clouds often offer more scalability
compared to on-premises infrastructure.
 Private Cloud Model – Appropriate/Inappropriate
20
 S.No
. Appropriate in following Inappropriate in
circumstances following
circumstances
1. Enterprises or businesses that demand their An organization consists
own cloud for personal or business purposes. of more number of users.
2. Business organizations have appropriate Enterprises that have
financial resources, since operating and constraints on finance.
sustaining a cloud is an expensive effort.
3. Business organizations consider the data Organizations that do not
security to be important. have a pre-existing
infrastructure
4. Enterprises want to get complete control and Organizations with
autonomy over cloud resources. insufficient operational
staff to maintain and
administer the cloud
5. Private cloud is suitable for organizations
with less number of employees.
6. Organizations that already have a pre-built
infrastructure will choose private cloud for
managing resources efficiently.
 Community Cloud Model
21
 Community Cloud Model
22
 The community cloud is the extension of
private cloud.
 This kind of model is sharing cloud
infrastructure among multiple organizations
in the same community or area.
 Organizations, businesses, financial
institutions and banks etc. are examples of
this category.
 The infrastructure is provided for exclusive
usage by a group of users from companies
with similar computing requirements in a
community cloud environment.
 Community Cloud Model – Benefits
23
 Cost-effective: Community cloud is cost-effective
since its infrastructure cost is shared among number
of enterprises or communities.
 Security: The community cloud is more secure
compared to public cloud.
 Shared resources: Infrastructure and other resources
shared with multiple organizations.
 Data sharing and collaboration: It is excellent for
both data sharing and collaboration.
 Setup Benefits: Customers may be able to work
more efficiently as a consequence of these shared
resources.
 Smaller investment: Investment on infrastructure is
shared among organizations in the community.
 Community Cloud Model –Appropriate/Inappropriate
24
 S.No
. Appropriate in following Inappropriate in
circumstances following
circumstances
1. Wish to build a private cloud but lack of Organizations want to get
financial support. complete control and
autonomy over cloud
resources.
2. Don’t want to take complete control of Doesn't really want to
maintenance responsibility of the cloud. collaborate with other
organizations
3. Desire to work in collaboration for effective
outcome.
4. Provides more security when compared to
public cloud.
 Hybrid Cloud Model
25
 .
 Hybrid Cloud Model
26  A hybrid cloud is a type of cloud computing that combines on-
premises infrastructure—or a private cloud—with a public
cloud.
 Hybrid clouds allow data and apps to move between the two
environments.
 Many organizations choose a hybrid cloud approach due to
business imperatives such as meeting regulatory and data
sovereignty requirements, taking full advantage of on-premises
technology investment.
 Hybrid clouds combine public and private clouds, bound
together by technology that allows data and applications to be
shared between them.
 By allowing data and applications to move between private and
public clouds, a hybrid cloud gives a business organization
greater flexibility and more deployment options and helps
optimize existing infrastructure, security, and compliance.
 Hybrid Cloud Model
27
 .
 Hybrid Cloud Model –Appropriate/Inappropriate
28

S.No Appropriate in following Inappropriate in

circumstances following
circumstances

1. Organizations that desire a private Organizations that

cloud environment with public prefer security as a
cloud scalability top priority.

2. Businesses that demand greater Organizations that

protection compared to the public are unable to handle
cloud. complex hybrid
cloud infrastructures
 Cloud Computing – Risks and Challenges
29
 Increased Security Vulnerabilities
 The moving of business data to the cloud means that the
responsibility over data security becomes shared with the
cloud provider.
 It can be difficult to establish a security architecture that
spans such a trust boundary (between cloud consumer and
cloud service provider) without introducing vulnerabilities,
particularly with public clouds.
 Another consequence of overlapping trust boundaries relates
to the cloud provider’s privileged access to cloud consumer
data.
 Furthermore, there can be overlapping trust boundaries from
different cloud consumers due to the fact that cloud-based IT
resources are commonly shared.
 The overlapping of trust boundaries and the increased
exposure of data can provide malicious cloud consumers
(human and automated) with greater opportunities to attack
IT resources and steal or damage business data.
 Cloud Computing – Risks and Challenges
30  Limited Portability Between Cloud Providers
 Portability is a measure used to determine the impact of moving
cloud consumer IT resources and data between clouds.
 Due to a lack of established industry standards within the cloud
computing industry, public clouds are commonly proprietary to
various extents.
 For cloud consumers that have custom-built solutions with
dependencies on these proprietary environments, it can be
challenging to move from one cloud provider to another.
 Cloud Computing – Risks and Challenges
31  Multi-Regional Compliance and Legal Issues
 Third-party cloud providers will frequently establish data
centers in affordable or convenient geographical
locations.
 Cloud consumers will often not be aware of the physical
location of their IT resources and data when hosted by
public clouds.
 For some organizations, this can pose serious legal
concerns pertaining to industry or government
regulations that specify data privacy and storage policies.
 For example, some UK laws require personal data
belonging to UK citizens to be kept within the United
Kingdom.
 Another potential legal issue pertains to the accessibility
and disclosure of data.
 Countries have laws that require some types of data to be
disclosed to certain government agencies.
 Cloud Computing – Risks and Challenges
32  Multi-Regional Compliance and Legal Issues
 Third-party cloud providers will frequently establish data
centers in affordable or convenient geographical
locations.
 Cloud consumers will often not be aware of the physical
location of their IT resources and data when hosted by
public clouds.
 For some organizations, this can pose serious legal
concerns pertaining to industry or government
regulations that specify data privacy and storage policies.
 For example, some UK laws require personal data
belonging to UK citizens to be kept within the United
Kingdom.
 Another potential legal issue pertains to the accessibility
and disclosure of data.
 Countries have laws that require some types of data to be
disclosed to certain government agencies.
 Cloud Service Delivery Models
33  Cloud computing allows the delivery of a wide range of services
categorized into three basic types of delivery models as follows:
• IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): IaaS products allow
organizations to manage their business resources — such as their
network, servers, and data storage — on the cloud.
• PaaS (Platform as a Service): PaaS products allow businesses
and developers to host, build, and deploy consumer-facing apps.
• SaaS (Software as a Service): By far the most common cloud
service, SaaS products offer both consumers and businesses
cloud-based tools and applications for everyday use.

 Cloud Service Delivery Models
34
 Cloud Service Delivery Models – Pizza Analogy
35 
 Cloud Service Delivery Models – Pizza Analogy
36 
 Cloud Service Delivery Models
37 
 Cloud Service Delivery Models – Pizza Analogy
38

 IaaS: On Demand Virtualized Infrastructure
39 
 IaaS: On Demand Virtualized Infrastructure
40  A service model known as IaaS refers to the usage of a third-
party provider's virtual physical infrastructure in place of
one's own (network, storage, and servers).
 Because IT resources are housed on external servers, they may
be accessed by anybody with an internet connection.
 The resources are provisioned to the users of IaaS, to run any
kind of software, including operating systems and
applications, by giving them access to fundamental computer
resources like processing, storage, and networks.
 There is no control over the physical infrastructure, but the
user has control over operating systems, storage and installed
software, as well as specific networking components (for
example host and firewalls).
 IaaS: On Demand Virtualized Infrastructure
41  The infrastructure architect may choose the virtual machine
instance based on their requirements.
 The physical servers are managed by the service providers.
 As a result, the complexity of managing the physical
infrastructure is removed or hidden from the IT architects.
 The following services might be provided by a regular IaaS
provider:
 Compute: Virtual computing power and main memory are
provided to end users as part of Computing as a Service.
 Storage: It provides back-end storage for storing files and
VM images.
 Network: There are many number of networking components
like bridges, routers and, switches are provided virtually.
 Load balancers: These are used to manage the sudden spikes
in usage of infrastructure for balancing the load
 IaaS: On Demand Virtualized Infrastructure
42  The infrastructure architect may choose the virtual machine
instance based on their requirements.
 The physical servers are managed by the service providers.
 As a result, the complexity of managing the physical
infrastructure is removed or hidden from the IT architects.
 The following services might be provided by a regular IaaS
provider:
 Compute: Virtual computing power and main memory are
provided to end users as part of Computing as a Service.
 Storage: It provides back-end storage for storing files and
VM images.
 Network: There are many number of networking components
like bridges, routers and, switches are provided virtually.
 Load balancers: These are used to manage the sudden spikes
in usage of infrastructure for balancing the load
 IaaS – Advantages
43  Charging based on usage: The services of IaaS are provisioned
on a pay-per-use basis to users. Customers are paid for only
what they have used.
 Reduced cost: IaaS providers allow their customers to rent
computing resources on a subscription basis instead of investing
on physical infrastructure to run their operations.
 Elastic resources: IaaS provides resources depending on user
requirement. The resources can be scale up and scale down by
using load balancers.
 Better resource utilization: The most important factor of IaaS
provider is the resource utilization.
 Supports green IT: In conventional IT architecture the power
consumption will be more due to the deployment of large
number of dedicated servers. IaaS eliminates the need for
dedicated servers since a single infrastructure is shared among
several clients, decreasing the number of servers. This in turn
decreases the power consumption resulting in Green IT.
 PaaS: Virtualized development
44  The PaaS user or developer can develop their applications on
virtualized development platform provided by PaaS provider.
 The users doesn't have the control on the development
platform and underlying infrastructure like servers, storage ,
network and operating system but the user has control on the
deployed applications as well data related to that applications.
 Developers can build their applications online using
programming languages supported on provider platform and
deploy their applications using testing tools supporting the
same platform.
 Pass users utilize the services offered by the providers through
the internet.
 As a result, the cost of obtaining and maintaining a large
number of tools for constructing an application is decreased.
 PaaS: Virtualized development
45
 PaaS: Virtualized development
46
 PaaS: Virtualized development
47  Software development and deployment capabilities of PaaS:
 Programming languages: PaaS providers offer a scope for
multiple programming languages in which users can develop their
own applications. Some examples of languages are python, java,
Scala, PHP and Go etc.
 Application platforms: PaaS providers offer a variety of
application platforms, those are used to develop applications. The
popular examples of platforms are Joomla, Node.js, Drupal,
WordPress, Django and Rails
 Database: Applications need backend for storing data. Database is
always associate with frontend application to access data.
Databases are provided by PaaS providers as part of their PaaS
platforms. Some of the prominent databases offered by PaaS
vendors are Redis, MongoDB, ClearDB, Membase, PostgreSQL,
and Cloudant.
 Testing tools: Testing tools are provided by PaaS providers as part
of their PaaS platforms. Testing tools are required to test
application after development.
 PaaS: Advantages
48  App development and deployment: PaaS provides all the
necessary development and testing tools in one place,
allowing you to build, test, and deploy software quickly.
 Reduces investment cost: The majority of conventional
development platforms need high-end infrastructure leads to
increase the investment cost for application development.
 Team collaboration: Traditional development platforms do
not offer much in the way of collaborative development. PaaS
allows developers from multiple locations to collaborate on a
single project.
 Produces scalable applications: Applications need scale-up
or scale-down the resources based on their load. In case of
scale-up, companies must keep an additional server to handle
the increased traffic.
 SaaS: Cloud based application
49  In SaaS, the end user has the option of using the provider's
cloud-based applications.
 It is possible to access the software from multiple client
devices using a web browser or other client interface (such as
web-based e-mail).
 The customer has no access or control over the cloud
infrastructure, which includes networks, servers, operating
systems, storage, software platforms, and configuration
settings.
 An internet based, no-installation kind of software as a service
has been provided on subscription and these services may be
accessed from any location in the globe.
 SaaS applications are provided on-demand through the
internet, users can access these applications through web
enabled interface without software installation on end-user
machines.
 SaaS: Cloud based application
50 
 SaaS: Cloud based application
51  Users have complete control over when, how and how often they use SaaS
services.
 SaaS services can be accessed through web browser on any device, including
computers, tablets and smart devices.
 Some SaaS services can be accessed by a thin client, which does not have as much
storage space as a standard desktop computer and cannot run many applications.
 Thin clients for accessing SaaS applications have a longer lifespan, lower power
consumption and lower cost are all advantages of using these devices.
 A SaaS provider might provide a variety of services such as:
 Business services: Majority of SaaS suppliers now provide a wide range of
commercial services. SaaS include ERP, CRM, billing, sales and human
resources.
 Social media networks: Several social networking service providers have
used SaaS as a method of assuring their long-term survival because of the
widespread usage of social networking sites by the general public.
 Document management: Because most businesses rely heavily on electronic
documents, most SaaS companies have begun to provide services for
creating, managing, and tracking them.
 E-mail services: Most e-mail providers started offering their services as
SaaS services to deal with the unexpected amount of users and demand on e-
mail services.
 SaaS: Advantages
52  No client-side installation: Client-side software
installation is not required for SaaS services. Without any
installation, end users may receive services straight from
the service provider's data centre. Consuming SaaS services
may be accessible by thin clients or any mobile device.
 Cost savings: Because SaaS services are billed on a utility-
based or pay-as-you-go basis, end customers must pay only
for what they have utilized.
 Less maintenance: The service provider is only
responsible for automating application updates, monitoring,
and doing other routine maintenance.
 Ease of access: It is possible to access SaaS services from
any device that has access to the Internet, thus making it
adaptable to all devices.
 SaaS: Advantages
53  Dynamic scaling: On-premise software makes
dynamic scalability harder since it requires extra
hardware. Because SaaS services make use of cloud
elastic resources, they can manage any sudden spike in
load without disrupting the application's usual
operation.
 Disaster recovery: Every SaaS service is maintained
with suitable backup and recovery techniques. A large
number of servers are used to store the replicas.
 Multi-tenancy: Multi-tenancy refers to sharing same
application among multiple users improves resource
use for providers and decreases cost for users.
 IaaS Vs PaaS Vs SaaS
54 
 IaaS Vs PaaS Vs SaaS
55 
56