Robot Sensors

An Overview

Robot Sensors
Why do Robots Need Sensors? What can be Sensed? What Sensors are Out There? What can They do? How Much do They Cost? How Easy are They to Use?

Why Do Robots Need Sensors?

Provides awareness of surroundings
Whats ahead, around, out there?

Allows interaction with environment

Robot lawn mower can see cut grass

Protection & Self-Preservation

Safety, Damage Prevention, Stairwell sensor

Gives the robot capability to goal-seek

Find colorful objects, seek goals

Makes robots interesting

Sensors - What Can Be Sensed?

Light
Presence, color, intensity, content (mod), direction

Sound
Presence, frequency, intensity, content (mod), direction

Heat
Temperature, wavelength, magnitude, direction

Chemicals
Presence, concentration, identity, etc.

Object Proximity
Presence/absence, distance, bearing, color, etc.

Physical orientation/attitude/position
Magnitude, pitch, roll, yaw, coordinates, etc.

Sensors - What Can Be Sensed?

Magnetic & Electric Fields
Presence, magnitude, orientation, content (mod)

Resistance (electrical, indirectly via V/I)

Presence, magnitude, etc.

Capacitance (via excitation/oscillation)

Presence, magnitude, etc.

Inductance (via excitation/oscillation)

Presence, magnitude, etc.

Other Things?

What Sensors Are Out There?

Feelers (Whiskers, Bumpers) Mechanical Photoelectric (Visible) Active & Passive Infrared (light) Active & Passive Ultrasonic (sound) Active & Passive Sonic Active & Passive Resistive/Capacitive/Inductive Active & Passive

What Sensors Are Out There?

Visual Cameras & Arrays (Active & Passive) Color Sensors (Active & Passive) Magnetic (Active & Passive) Orientation (Pitch & Roll) GPS (location, altitude) Compass (orientation, bearing) Voltage Electric Field Sensors Current Magnetic Field Sensors Chemical Smoke Detectors, Gas Sensors

A Closer Look

Sensors Feelers
Whiskers
Piano wire suspended through conductive hoop Deflection causes contact with hoop Springy wire that touches studs when deflected Reaches beyond robot a few inches Simple, cheap, binary output

Bumpers & Guards

Impact/Collision sensor, senses pressure/contact Microswitches & wires or framework that moves Simple, cheap, binary output, easy to read

Feelers - Whiskers

Feelers - Bumpers & Guards

From Kevin Rosss Getting Started Article (SRS Website)

Sensors IR
Active (emitting)
Oscillator generates IR reflections off objects Filtered receiver looks for reflections Pulses may be encoded for better discrimination Typically frequencies around 40KHz Doesnt work well with dark, flat colored objects

Passive (sensor only)

Pyro-electric (heat sensor) Look for IR emissions from people & animals Used in security systems & motion detectors

Infrared - Active

$30 from Lynxmotion July 99 Encoder

Active IR Sensor Specs

Sensor type = Reflective IR IR detector = Panasonic PNA4602M IR LED type = Narrow focus 10 I/O required = 3 digital lines: 2 outputs, 1 input Range = Approximately 4 to 26" Input voltage = 5vdc regulated @ 8mA

PC board size = 2.3" x .75"

Linear Array IR Range Sensors

Sharp GP2Dxx (one of many) ~4 to 30cm Range Fixed Range with Discrete Output Analog or Digital Output Easy to Use

Laser Range Sensors

USB Interface 240 Field of View 0.36 Angular Resolution 10Hz Refresh Rate 20mm to 4m $2695 (cool but pricey) Also See: Oct 2001 Encoder Kenneth Maxon

Passive IR Pyro-Electric
$66 from Acroname Dec 2000, Sept 2001 Encoder

The Model 442-3 IR-EYE is a Lithium Tantalate pyroelectric parallel opposed dual-element high-gain detector with complete integral analog signal processing.

Sensors Ultrasonic
Active
Emit pulses & listen for echos Times round trip sound travel (~1ft/mS) Reaches far fairly beyond robot (inches to 30-50) Relatively simple, not cheap, analog output Directional; not everything reflects sound well

Passive (listens only)

Sensor listens for ultrasonic sounds Electronics may translate frequency or modulation Software may perform signal analysis (FFTs, etc.)

Ultrasonic - Active

$27 $134

$49

Visit http://www.acroname.com for more information about these & other products. Search the web for polaroid ultrasonic sensor

Sensors Ultrasonic (cont.)

Passive - Beacons & Sensors
Beacons listen: RF command to broadcast
Send light & sound pulses Robot looks & listens for each beacon Light pulse starts timer, sound pulse stops it

Robot knows location of each beacon Compass on robot provides its orientation
Robot computes distance, measures bearing

Robot can then compute its location

(Speed of Light=1 ft/nS, Speed of Sound=1ft/mS)

Ultrasonic - Passive
Beacon3 Beacon1 Sound Pulse Sound Pulse Light Pulse Robot Sound Pulse BEACON RF Receiver IR Emitter Ultrasonic Emitter ROBOT RF Transmitter IR Receiver Ultrasonic Receiver Beacon2 Light Pulse Light Pulse

Sensors Sonic (Acoustic)

Active
Emit pulses & listen for echos Times round trip sound travel (~1ft/mS) Reaches far fairly beyond robot (30-50 ft) Relatively simple, not cheap, analog output Directional, not everything reflects sound Noisy!!!!

Passive (sensor only)

Sensor listens to ambient sounds Filters or scans selected frequencies ADC measures conditioned signal amplitude CPU performs signal analysis on what it hears

Sonic (Acoustic) - Passive

TI (Burr-Brown) UAF42 Universal Active Filter

http://focus.ti.com/lit/an/sbfa002/sbfa002.pdf

Sensors Resistance
Passive (sensor only)
Measures elec. resistance between objects Measure sensor that varies resistance Use absolute or differential readings Other ideas?

Sensors Capacitive
Passive
Really doesnt work (Needs excitation)

Active (emitting)
Generate AC or DC voltage Apply to external environment Measure current to determine Resistance Short range applications

Sensors - Capacitive

Sensors - Capacitive
Emit an electric field below the sensor. Nulled to a known void wall area. Detect capacitance difference due to underlying material density.

Sensors Inductive
Passive
Really doesnt work (Needs excitation)

Active (emitting)
Current flows through inductor Magnetic field mostly ignores non-metals Inductance changes with metallic proximity Short range applications

Sensors - Inductive
Passive
Really doesnt work (Needs excitation)

Active (emitting)
Metals affect sensor Current flows through inductor Magnetic field mostly ignores nonmetals Inductance changes with metallic proximity Short range applications (~cm or mm)

Sensors Visual
Active (emitting)
Camera with field of view illumination Looks for particular reflections Filter removes non-significant light sources Linear array senses single axis of motion

Passive (camera only)

Scans field of interest Looks for objects, artifacts, features of interest Processes digital data to simplified interpretation

Sensors Visual
CMUCam Linear Optical Array

Sensors Color
Active (emitting)
Selective field illumination (specific color(s)) Sensor filter removes extraneous light sources Output can be analog (prop.) or digital (on/off)

Passive (sensors only)

Different sensors for different colors Color filter removes extraneous light sources Output can be analog (prop.) or digital (on/off)

Sensors Color
http://robotroom.com/ColorSensor.html

Sensors Magnetic
Active (emitting)
Metal detectors Follows metallic strips on or under the floor Magnetometer Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Passive (sensors only)

Compass Magnetic field sensor (oscillating current)

Sensors Magnetic
From HowStuffWorks.com & RadiologyInfo.org

Sensors Orientation
Rate Gyros
Output proportional to angular rotation speed Integrate to get position Differentiate to get acceleration

DC Accelerometer
Output proportional to sine of vertical angle

Sensors Motion
Rate Gyro Silicon Sensing Systems Servo Accel Sensorland.com

Sensors Position/Location
Wheel Encoders
Relative position & motion Integrate/Differentiate for other parameters

Global Positioning System

Absolute position/location on earth Local differential error correction Integrate/Differentiate for other parameters

Wheel Encoders
Nubotics.com, $27 Jun 98, Oct 2000 Encoder

Sensors Position/Location

Parallax.com $80

Sensors Compass (Orientation)

Track bearing & distance to determine position L: Parallax.com, $30 R: Dinsmoresensors.com, $13-$37

Sensors Voltage
Passive Senses electric field Fluke Electric Field Sensors $23 $25

$24

Sensors Current
Series measurement with Hall Effect device Current loop (coil), then amplified Magnetoresistive (Wheatstone bridge)

Sensors Current

Sensors Current

Sensors Chemical
Passive (sensors only) Active (optical emitter/photo sensor)

Sensors Chemical
Smoke Detectors - Cheap, readily available, $5 Oxygen concentration sensors - CO, H4S, CH4, pricey See HowStuffWorks.com

Sensors Conclusion
Sensors provide a way of simulating aliveness Sensors give robots environmental awareness Sensors provide of means of human protection Sensors help robot preserve itself Sensors enable goal seeking Sensors enable closed-loop interaction Sensors make robots interesting Sensors can make programming challenging

Common Sensors in Robotics

Rotation sensors (also called encoders) measure the rotation of a shaft or axle. They are used to measure the angle of a robotic arm, or how far a mobile robots wheel has turned. Global Positioning Systems (GPS) receive signals from orbiting satellites that pinpoint the location of an outdoor robot on the Earth.

Common Sensors in Robotics

Laser range finders use laser beams to measure the distance to objects. They are used for obstacle detection and navigation.

Cameras are a very common sensor. Computer Vision is the field of study of interpreting camera images for a variety of purposes.

Lego Sensors
We will be using 3 types of Lego sensors.

Rotation sensor Light sensor Touch sensor

Touch Sensor
electrical flow

force

a simple switch

voltage measurement

Touch Sensor
Uses:
o Detect contact between the robot and external objects like walls. o Detect contact with internal moving parts in the robot (arm or gripper). o TableBot - detect contact with the ground so the robot doesnt fall off the table. o Input Device - push button or remote control.

Light Sensor
Measures the level of light as a number between 0% (total darkness) and 100% (very bright). Can differentiate light levels reflected from bright and dark surfaces.

Light Sensor
light energy voltage measurement

Inside the light sensor is a photo-transistor. The photo-transistor acts like a valve for electricity. The more light energy it senses, the more electricity flows. Ohms Law: V = I x R low light
light energy

voltage measurement

bright light
electrical flow

Light Sensor
Uses:
o Navigation - follow a black line on a white surface (or vice versa). o FireflyBot - find a very bright object in a room or area (light bulb). o Color sorter - tell the difference between black Lego bricks and yellow Lego bricks. o Input Device - different colors or gray levels on a piece of paper.

Rotation Sensor
Measures the rotation of an axle or shaft. The rotation sensor sends out a series of voltage pulses. There are 16 of these pulses per one revolution of the Lego rotation sensor. These pulses are also referred to as ticks, clicks, or counts.

Rotation Sensor
Uses:
o Navigation - measure the number of rotations of a wheel. Calculate the distance traveled based on the circumference. o Internal - measure the angle of an arm or lever. o Two rotation sensors (one on either side) can give you accurate information about the robots heading or the radius of the circle it is traversing (differential odometry).

Temperature Sensor
A fourth type of sensor that Lego offers is a temperature sensor. It works just like the light sensor, except the amount of electrical flow varies with temperature instead of light.

Thermistor (thermal resistor)